<p>Jenkins Ferry Battleground State Park is the site of the American Civil War battle of Jenkins Ferry, also known as the Engagement at Jenkins&#39; Ferry, fought on Saturday, April 30, 1864, in present-day Grant County, Arkansas. The park was listed in the USA National Register of Historic Places on January 21, 1970, and, with seven other sites, is part of the Camden Expedition Sites National Historic Landmark, designated a National Historic Landmark District on April 19, 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Description and administrative history</h2><br>
<p>Jenkins&#39; Ferry Battleground State Park, operated by the Division of State Parks, Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism, includes historic markers that describe the Civil War battle, as well as recreational opportunities on the Saline River, including swimming and boating. A pavilion and several picnic sites are also located in the state park, which is 12 mi southwest of Sheridan, and 9 mi northeast of Leola in Grant County on the west side of Arkansas Highway 46.</p><br>
<p>Act 10 of 1961 (by the 63rd Arkansas General Assembly) established Jenkins’ Ferry Battleground State Park. One of three parks that commemorate the Camden Expedition, the site is also a Red River Campaign National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Marks Mills’ Battleground State Park is an Arkansas State Park located at the junction of Arkansas Highway 8 and Arkansas Highway 97, north of New Edinburg, Arkansas. The park preserves part of the battleground of the Battle of Marks&#39; Mills fought on April 25, 1864, during the American Civil War. The battle was part of the Camden Expedition, a major Union push through southern and central Arkansas. The park is one of nine sites that make up the Camden Expedition Sites, a National Historic Landmark District.</p><br>
<h2>Description and administrative history</h2><br>
<p>Marks Mills’ Battleground State Park is a simple roadside park shaped in an irregular four-sided shape at the junction of the two highways. The park is dotted with picnic facilities shaded by pine and oak trees, and the area is in much the same condition of dense vegetative growth that the area was described as having in 1864. There are two commemorative markers on the site.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of Marks Mills was between a column of Maj. Gen. Frederick Steeles Union Army, en route from Camden to Pine Bluff for supplies, and a Confederate force under the command of Maj. Gen. James F. Fagan that had taken up a defensive position at the road junction since the last sweep of Union reconnaissance in the area on April 21. The battle was a decisive victory for the Confederates, who captured 2,000 Union troops, four guns, and 240 empty supply wagons.</p><br>
<p>The National Historic Landmark District designation was made in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Fort Southerland, also known as Redoubt E, is a defensive fortification erected during the American Civil War on what was then the outskirts of Camden, Arkansas. The oval earthworks are now the centerpiece of a city park off Bradley Ferry Road on the east side of the city. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994, and, with other sites, is part of the Camden Expedition Sites National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Fort Southerland was the southernmost of a chain of five redoubts built by Confederate forces and slave labor in 1864 to protect the city from attack by Union forces located to the north and east. The oval-shaped earthworks are about 2,000 ft by 1,000 ft, and were capable of holding three guns. The redoubt provided defensive coverage over Bradley Ferry Road, which was the main road to other Confederate holdings in Warren and Monticello, and cover against the remote possibility that Union forces would cross the Ouachita River below the city. At the time of its construction Camden was much smaller, and the redoubt was located well outside the urban center. Of the five redoubts built, this one is the best-preserved; only one other, Fort Lookout or Redoubt A, survives in any significant form, and is also included in the National Historic Landmark designation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Brigadier General General Alexander T. Hawthorn, a Camden native, had been given the task of organizing the citys defenses. From January to March Confederate troops and slave labor worked to develop a series of five redoubts, mainly to protect the southern and western land-based approaches to the city. Union Major General Frederick Steele, in command of the forces occupying Little Rock, was ordered to move southwest to effect a junction with Major General Nathaniel Prentice Banks Red River Campaign, a push to take Shreveport, Louisiana and eventually gain a Union foothold in Texas. Steeles force left Little Rock on March 23, 1864, passing through thinly-populated southwestern Arkansas. His advance was blunted at the Battle of Prairie DAne (April 9–13). Needing provisions, Steele ordered his forces to march on Camden, which they occupied on April 15 after it was abandoned by its small number of defenders. During the Unions brief (ten-day) occupation, the defenses were expanded with additional trenches and earthworks. Steele was prompted to reconsider the continued occupation of Camden after supply-related initiatives were set back at Poison Spring (April 18) and Marks Mills (April 25), and withdrew from Camden toward Little Rock on April 26.</p><br>
<p>Camden&#39;s defenses were further expanded after Confederate forces reoccupied the city. A weak point that was known to both sides, the waterfront area, was fortified in October 1864. By the end of the year a complete trench line encircled the city.</p><br>
<p>The Prairie DAne Battlefield, also known as Prairie DAnn Battlefield or Prairie De Ann Battlefield, was the site of the Civil War Battle of Prairie d&#39;Ane, one of the engagements in the Camden Expedition of 1864. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, and, with other sites, is part of the Camden Expedition Sites National Historic Landmark. It was declared part of the National Historic Landmark in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 1864 Camden Expedition was part of a two-pronged strategy by the Union Army to drive Confederate resistance out of southwestern Arkansas and northern Louisiana, and pentetrated into Confederate Texas. Union Major General Frederick Steele led a Union force from Little Rock on March 23, 1864, with the objective of joining forces with Major General Nathaniel Prentice Banks at Shreveport, Louisiana. Confederate forces in Arkansas were directed from Washington, where the Confederate government of the state relocated after the fall of Little Rock. Confederate Major General Sterling Price ordered Brigadier General John S. Marmaduke to harry the Union column and to prevent it from crossing the Little Missouri River as it moved toward Washington. Advance Union forces established a beachhead on the south side of the Little Missouri on April 3, and clashed with Confederate defenders in the Battle of Elkins Ferry. The outnumbered Confederates were forced to withdraw, and General Price established a defensive position, lightly fortified by earthworks, on the road between Elkins Ferry and Washington at the western edge of the sparsely-populated Prairie d&#39;Ane, a roughly circular area of prairie surrounded by woodlands. General Steele delayed his advance toward Washington until April 9, awaiting the arrival of addition troops from Fort Smith.</p><br>
<p>The leading edge of Steeles force began skirmishing with Prices force on April 10, and both sides brought up reinforcements, but the Union advance was halted by fighting that lasted into the night. The next day Union forces advance across the prairie in a battle line in the afternoon, but the lateness of the march meant no general engagement took place, and the Union forces ended up returning to their camps. That night Price withdrew most of his force further down the Washington road, leaving a small guard in the entrenchments on the prairie. The Union again advanced on the 12th, prompting this rearguard to also withdraw, with Union cavalry giving chase for a time. At this point, Steele, whose forces were on half-rations, decided it was necessary to resupply his army. Instead of advancing further toward Washington, he turned toward Camden, a Confederate-held town whose defenses Price had stripped to defend Washington. Price advanced troops in pursuit of the Union army, engaging them in a rearguard skirmish near the hamlet of Moscow (now part of Prescott). Due to difficulties resupplying is force while in Camden, Steele ended up withdrawing all the way back to Little Rock.</p><br>
<h2>Battlefield</h2><br>
<p>The main battle took place over an area estimated to cover some 5,000 acre in and around where the city of Prescott (established in 1873) is now located. Much of this area has seen agricultural use, and remains lightly developed, with the only major intrusion being the corridor containing railroad tracks and Interstate 30. The Moscow area, where the rearguard action took place, is relatively unaltered, with some development taking place outside the known bounds of the battle area. The Moscow Methodist Church and Cemetery, a site which existed at the time of the battle (although the current church is a 20th-century structure), is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A land area of more than 2,600 acre was designated part of the Camden Expedition Sites, a National Historic Landmark District, in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Confederate State Capitol building in Washington, Arkansas was the capital of the Confederate state government of Arkansas, during 1863–1865, after Little Rock, Arkansas fell to Union forces in the American Civil War. It is located within Historic Washington State Park, and is a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The capitol building is a two-story wood frame structure, about 44 ft wide and 34 ft deep, resting on a brick foundation. It is topped by a hip roof covered in cedar shakes. Each of the two floors is dominated by a large chamber; that on the ground floor originally served as a courtroom, while that on the upper floor was used by local Masonic societies. The original front entrance is sheltered by a single-story portico with a triangular pediment with Greek Revival styling. There are chimneys on the two sides of the building.</p><br>
<p>The building was erected in 1836, and was Hempstead County&#39;s second courthouse, replacing an 1824 log structure. The building served as the county court until 1874, when a new brick building was constructed. After the fall of Little Rock to Union Army forces in September 1863, during the American Civil War, Governor Harris Flanagin ordered the seat of government relocated to Washington. The Confederate state government would remain in this building until the end of the war in 1865.</p><br>
<p>After the court functions moved out in 1874, the building was repurposed for use as a school, a role it fulfilled until 1914. It thereafter served as a private residence until 1928, when it was acquired by the state through the efforts of the local United Daughters of the Confederacy chapter. It is now part of Historic Washington State Park.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and, with other sites, was designated part of the Camden Expedition Sites National Historic Landmark District in 1994.</p><br>
<p>"The Lake Isle of Innisfree" is a twelve-line poem composed of three quatrains written by William Butler Yeats in 1888 and first published in the National Observer in 1890. It was reprinted in The Countess Kathleen and Various Legends and Lyrics in 1892 and as an illustrated Cuala Press Broadside in 1932.</p><br>
<p>"The Lake Isle of Innisfree" exemplifies the style of the Celtic Revival: it is an attempt to create a form of poetry that was Irish in origin rather than one that adhered to the standards set by English poets and critics. It received critical acclaim in the United Kingdom and France.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The Isle of Innisfree is an uninhabited island within Lough Gill, in County Sligo, Ireland, where Yeats spent his summers as a child. Yeats describes the inspiration for the poem coming from a "sudden" memory of his childhood while walking down Fleet Street in London in 1888. He writes, "I had still the ambition, formed in Sligo in my teens, of living in imitation of Thoreau on Innisfree, a little island in Lough Gill, and when walking through Fleet Street very homesick I heard a little tinkle of water and saw a fountain in a shop-window which balanced a little ball upon its jet, and began to remember lake water. From the sudden remembrance came my poem "Innisfree," my first lyric with anything in its rhythm of my own music. I had begun to loosen rhythm as an escape from rhetoric and from that emotion of the crowd that rhetoric brings, but I only understood vaguely and occasionally that I must for my special purpose use nothing but the common syntax. A couple of years later I could not have written that first line with its conventional archaism -- "Arise and go"—nor the inversion of the last stanza." The poem is featured in passports of Irish citizens.^≥</p><br>
<h2>Analysis</h2><br>
<p>The twelve-line poem is divided into three quatrains and is an example of Yeatss earlier lyric poems. Throughout the three short quatrains the poem explores the speaker’s longing for the peace and tranquility of Innisfree while residing in an urban setting. The speaker in this poem yearns to return to the island of Innisfree because of the peace and quiet it affords. He can escape the noise of the city and be lulled by the "lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore." On this small island, he can return to nature by growing beans and having bee hives, by enjoying the "purple glow" of noon, the sounds of birds wings, and, of course, the bees. He can even build a cabin and stay on the island much as Thoreau, the American Transcendentalist, who lived in this manner on Walden Pond. During Yeats&#39;s lifetime it was—to his annoyance—one of his most popular poems and on one occasion was recited (or sung) in his honor by two (or ten—accounts vary) thousand boy scouts. The first quatrain speaks to the needs of the body (food & shelter); the second to the needs of the spirit (peace); the final quatrain is the meeting of the inner life (memory) with the physical world (pavement grey).</p><br>
<h2>Musical settings</h2><br>
<p>A musical setting of this poem is featured in DUBLIN 1916, An Irish Oratorio and YEATS SONGS, a song cycle, both composed by Richard B. Evans. (published by Seacastle Music Company, 1995).</p><br>
<p>Muriel Herbert set the poem in 1928.</p><br>
<p>Seattle, WA band Fleet Foxes mentions the Isles of Innisfree in many other songs including The Shrine/An Argument, Isles and Bedouin Dress.</p><br>
<p>American composer Ben Moore has also composed a setting of the poem.</p><br>
<p>Another musical setting is featured in Branduardi canta Yeats (published by Edizioni Musicali Musiza, 1986), composed and played by Angelo Branduardi on translation of Luisa Zappa.</p><br>
<p>Michael McGlynn of the Irish group Anúna arranged this as a choral piece: a "" of it is featured on Anúna&#39;s album Invocation.</p><br>
<p>Composer and pianist Ola Gjeilo set this text to music in a piece called "." Popular settings of the poem have been done by Judy Collins and the Dream Brothers. Australian musician Paul Kelly performs a version on his 2013 album "Conversations with Ghosts".</p><br>
<p>Shusha Guppy recorded an unaccompanied version on her album This is the Day (United Artist Records, 1974).</p><br>
<p>The Lake Isle of Innisfree is part of the Songcylcle 5 Songs on Poems by W.B.Yeats composed by the Dutch composer Carolien Devilee.</p><br>
<h2>In other media</h2><br>
<p>In the finale episode of the fourth season of the Fox science-fiction drama television series Fringe entitled Brave New World (Part 2), Dr. William Bell (Leonard Nimoy) narrates the first stanza of the poem, alluding to his plans of collapsing the two universes into a new world where he plays God.</p><br>
<p>Cinema</p><br>
<p>In the film Million Dollar Baby, directed by Clint Eastwood, Frankie Dunn (portrayed by Eastwood) reads the first two quatrains to Margaret Fitzgerald (Hilary Swank) at the hospital after a fight where her neck has broken.</p><br>
<p>In the climactic scene from the film Three And Out, Tommy recites the poem just before he gets hit by the train.</p><br>
<p>John Fords Academy Award winning film The Quiet Man (1952) is set in Innisfree and clearly takes Yeats poem as one of its principal subtexts.</p><br>
<p>Music</p><br>
<p>Hard rock band Sir Lord Baltimore has a song called "Lake Isle of Innersfree," presumably inspired by Yeats&#39; poem. It appears on their 1970 LP Kingdom Come.</p><br>
<p>In the song The Shrine/An Argument by Seattle indie folk band Fleet Foxes Innisfree is mentioned in the songs final lyric: "Carry me to Innisfree like pollen on the breeze". The band also mentions Innisfree in their song Bedouin Dress on the same album, saying frequently: "One day at Innisfree, one day thats mine there" and "Just to be at Innisfree again".</p><br>
<p>In his LP Branduardi canta Yeats (1986), Angelo Branduardi sings an italian version of this poem.</p><br>
<p>The poem inspired Philip Gates&#39;s The Lake Isle for oboe and piano.</p><br>
<p>The Folk singer songwriter and actor Hamid Hamilton Camp Released a beautiful version called Innisfree on his 1964 album Paths of Victory on Electra records.</p><br>
<p>Literature</p><br>
<p>In his debut novel Ghostwritten the British author David Mitchell quotes the first two quatrains in the chapter "London" and the last in the chapter "Clear Island."</p><br>
<p>Essays</p><br>
<p>Referred to in the final line of J.B. Priestleys essay "At Thurstons", 1932; writing that watching a billiards match at Thurston&#39;s Hall is "as near to the Isle of Innisfree as we can get within a hundred miles of Leicester Square".</p><br>
<p>The Edo River is a river in the Kantō region of Japan. It splits from the Tone River at the northernmost tip of Noda City in the Sekiyado district, crosses through Nagareyama and Matsudo, and empties into Tokyo Bay at Ichikawa, Chiba Prefecture. The Edo forms the borders between Tokyo, Chiba, and Saitama prefectures. The Edo River is 59.5 km long.</p><br>
<p>The course of the Edo River was originally the lower course of the Tone River. The Tone was diverted in 1654 by the Tokugawa shogunate to protect the city of Edo from flooding. The Edo was used to connect the north and east of the Kanto Region to the capital at Edo, specifically to transport large amounts of cargo from Chōshi and other cities on the Pacific Ocean coast inland to the capital. Before the industrialization of the Tokyo region the river was also used to cultivate lotus roots.</p><br>
<p>Inland transportation ended in the early 20th century due to the development of an extensive rail cargo network in the Kanto region, but the Edo River remains an important source of water for industrial production as well as drainage for the densely populated areas of metropolitan Tokyo. Tokyo Disneyland is located on landfill adjacent to a diverted branch of the Edo River known as the Kyū Edo River which empties into Tokyo Bay between Urayasu, Chiba and the Minamikasai district of Edogawa, Tokyo.</p><br>
<p>The Edo river has distance markers at every 250 meters that mark the distance from the river mouth that meets with the Tokyo Bay.</p><br>
<p>The Centennial Baptist Church is a historic church building at the corner of York and Columbia Streets in Helena, Arkansas. It is significant for its association with Elias Camp Morris , who was the pastor of the church from 1879 and who was a driving force in the establishment of the National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. Morris served as the Conventions president from 1895 until his death, and his church served functionally as the organizations headquarters.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The present church building was designed by Henry James Price, a parishioner of the church, and built in 1895. It is a Gothic Revival structure executed in brick, with its main (western) facade consisting of a pair of towers flanking a large central gable. The main entrances, one in each tower, are in Gothic arched openings, and the first level under the main gable consists of three bays of tripled Gothic lancet windows, separated by buttresses. A round-arch window in the gable is topped at the gable point by an oculus. The roofline of the gable is decorated by corbelled brickwork resembling vergeboard.</p><br>
<p>Elias Camp Morris assumed the pastorship of the Centennial Church in 1879, then a new congregation. He quickly rose in prominence in Baptist circles, leading the Arkansas Negro Baptist Convention and chairing the board of trustees of Arkansas Baptist College, founded in 1884. He also established a publication, the Baptist Vanguard, in 1882, which became a model for other publications. The National Baptist Convention was formed in the 1886 by the merger of three African-American Baptist church organizations. This body only achieved a united focus in 1895, at a meeting in which Morris was elected its president. The Convention was the largest deliberative body of African-Americans in the nation at the time. Morris was also politically active in Republican Party circles, attending national conventions as a delegate.</p><br>
<p>The Centennial Baptist Church served as Morris&#39; home base for all of his activities, and grew substantially under his leadership. It is the only building associated with his productive life that is still standing.</p><br>
<p>Sunset Park is a neighborhood south of the Historic Downtown of Wilmington, in New Hanover County, North Carolina, United States. It was designated a national historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>"Sunset Park," a name submitted by Montrose Bain, circulation editor of the Wilmington Star, was the winning entry for a new 600 acre development just 3 mi south of downtown Wilmington along the Federal Point Road (Carolina Beach Road). The prize for his submission was $10.00.</p><br>
<p>The Fidelity Trust & Development Company purchased the 600 acre tract on March 9, 1912. The original owner, T.F. Boyd of Hamlet, North Carolina, sold the land for $35,000.00. The Opening Sale of lots in Sunset Park to the public was originally Monday, September 16, 1912. The date was later postponed to Monday, October 7, 1912.</p><br>
<p>Sunset Park was envisioned by the Fidelity Development & Investment Company as a high-class, planned community with views overlooking the Cape Fear River and picturesque Greenfield Lake. All the city conveniences and modern improvements would be guaranteed by FD&I. Street car service, electric lights, gas, sewers, sidewalks and tree-lined Macadam type roadways and plazas just to name a few. The neighborhood is said to be modeled after that of Ansley Park and Westland Estates in Atlanta, Georgia.</p><br>
<h2>Poem</h2><br>
<p>In the October 5, 1912 edition of The Evening Dispatch was a pen drawing bird&#39;s eye view over Sunset Park along with a poem singing its praises.</p><br>
<p>Beyond the placid waters/Of Greenfield&#39;s lovely lake,</p><br>
<p>There lies as fair a region/As skillful hands can make.</p><br>
<p>It reaches to the Dram Tree,/Made famous long ago</p><br>
<p>And many mounds and batt&#39;ries/Its history will show.</p><br>
<p>Regardless of the prices/It costs to reach the mark,</p><br>
<p>We&#39;ll beautify the landscape/Of lovely Sunset Park.</p><br>
<p>With granolithic side-walks,/And streets macadamized,</p><br>
<p>We&#39;ll leave all other places/Neglected and despised.</p><br>
<p>Each man who owns a cottage,/That he can call his own,</p><br>
<p>Will be a little Monarch/That no one can dethrone.</p><br>
<p>Each lot will have its sewers,/To take the filth away</p><br>
<p>And water-mains to furnish/The folks who come to stay.</p><br>
<p>The sun will shine in daylight,/Electric lights at dark</p><br>
<p>We&#39;ll have a Fairy City/At lovely Sunset Park.</p><br>
<p>To each prospective buyer/We&#39;ll offer terms to please,</p><br>
<p>So that every one may purchase/A home with perfect ease.</p><br>
<p>No painter can portray it,/His brush would be too dark,</p><br>
<p>To give the glowing colors/of lovely SUNSET PARK.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture in Sunset Park</h2><br>
<p>The majority of resources were built from the 1910s to the 1960s and incorporate Queen Anne, Bungalow/American Craftsman, Tudorbethan, Colonial Revival, Cape Cod (house), Ranch-style house, and Commercial building styles of architecture. The earliest houses are scattered along Northern and Central boulevards; 1940 to 1950s Cape Cod and Ranch houses line the cross streets. Architecturally, the earliest designs are Queen Anne style, dating to the early 1910s. The two-story dwellings have hipped or gabled roofs, wraparound porches, corner towers, bay windows, projecting wings, wood or simulated siding, shingles, decorative brickwork, and a wide range of window types.</p><br>
<p>A large number of homes were built from 1940 to 1943 when the North Carolina Shipbuilding Company expanded its facilities on land intended for Sunset Park homes along the eastern edge of the Cape Fear River.</p><br>
<p>The movie Blue Velvet had scenes filmed in Sunset Park including the house of Detective John Williams (George Dickerson). Season 9 of Matlock (TV series) had scenes filmed in Sunset Park including Benjamin L. "Ben" Matlock&#39;s (Andy Griffith) house.</p><br>
<p>The Capel River is a river in the South West of Western Australia that rises in the Darling Range east of Mullalyup, and flows into the Indian Ocean at Peppermint Grove Beach.</p><br>
<p>The river was named after Capel Carter Brockman (1839–1924), daughter of John Bussell (1803–1875), who was named after a Miss Capel Carter, a cousin of the Bussells in England with whom the Bussell family members corresponded.</p><br>
<p>The Capel River is the largest in the Geographe catchment. It rises at the edge of the Darling Scarp and flows in a north-westerly direction across the northern part of the Blackwood plateau to the confluence of the Capel River North and Capel River South, near Goodwood.</p><br>
<p>The river crosses the Bussell Highway near Capel.</p><br>
<p>An artificial river mouth was cut through the sand dunes adjacent to the Stirling Wetlands in 1880 to allow it to flow directly into Geographe Bay.</p><br>
<p>The Capel river has 6 tributaries; Capel River North, Capel River South, Gynudup Brook, Camp Gully, Layman Gully and Maidenhair Gully.</p><br>
<p>The inaugural 2009 Ranger Outdoors Capel Descent was held in June 2009 which consisted of a 15 km part down river, part open ocean paddle along the Capel River and Geographe Bay.</p><br>
<p>The Daisy Bates House is a historic house at 1207 West 28th Street in Little Rock, Arkansas. It is significant as the home of Arkansas NAACP president Daisy Bates, and for its use as a command post for those working to desegregrate the Little Rock Central High School during the desegregation crisis of 1957–1958. It was a sanctuary for the nine students involved.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Daisy Bates House is set in a mid-20th-century residential area south of downtown Little Rock, Arkansas. It is a typical 1950s ranch house, one story in height, measuring about 39 ft by 51 ft. It has a wood frame structure, with its exterior finished in brick veneer. It is topped by a hip roof with broad eaves, which also shelters a carport on the north and west side of the house. The foundation and the carport deck are poured concrete.</p><br>
<p>The main elevation, facing north, has two picture windows with sidelights. The main entrance to the living room is located in the carport, as is a secondary entrance to the kitchen. The main floor has a typical ranch plan, with a public area consisting of living room, dining room, and kitchen, with a hallway leading to two bedrooms. There are two bathrooms. The basement is partially finished, housing a recreation room and half-bath in addition to the house&#39;s mechanical systems. The attic is finished, and is accessible via pulldown stairs.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Daisy Lee Gatson Bates (1914–99) was elected president of the Arkansas chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1952, and had established the Arkansas State Press to advance the civil rights of African Americans in Arkansas. In 1955 she and her husband, Lucius Christopher Bates, purchased the newly built house at 1207 West 28th Street.</p><br>
<p>In response to the 1954 landmark Brown v. Board of Education by the United States Supreme Court, mandating the integration of public schools nationwide, Little Rocks Superintendent of Schools Virgil Blossom in 1955 published the citys plan for integrating the citys schools. The NAACP filed suit in 1956 because the plan did not specify a detailed implementation timetable, bringing Mrs. Bates wide local notice. Pursuant to the Blossom Plan, the NAACP selected nine students to enroll in Little Rock Central High School in 1957, the first of the citys schools to be integrated. On August 27, 1957, a rock was thrown through the Bates&#39; front window, with a note attached reading "STONE THIS TIME. DYNAMITE NEXT TIME."</p><br>
<p>The date for the students&#39; enrollment at the school was September 4, and the days leading up to it were attended by an increase in racial tension, and legal actions intended to delay the integration. On September 2, Governor Orval Faubus called out the Arkansas National Guard, intending to use it to prevent the students from enrolling. Mrs. Bates acted as an intermediary between the nine students and the school board, attending a school board meeting on behalf of the students on September 3. She then arranged for the students to be escorted by a group of ministers, both white and African-American, to the school the next morning. The students were turned back by the National Guard, surrounded by a hostile crowd of whites.</p><br>
<p>This action garnered worldwide press attention, and the Bates house became the focus of reporters seeking the "black perspective" on the events. One student Elizabeth Eckford, whose image in the crowd was particularly notable, spent the night at the Bates house, for which security had been arranged. After further court action, September 23 was set as the new date for the students to enroll. The students and their parents met at the Bates House on that morning, and traveled to the school, where amid a hostile crowd of more than 1,000, they were once again unable to enroll despite police protection, and were returned to the Bates house.</p><br>
<p>In response to this action and ongoing threats of violence, President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally federalized the Arkansas National Guard, and sent a detachment of the 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock to enforce the integration orders. On the morning of September 25, the students again assembled at the Bates house, and were escorted to the school by members of the 101st Airborne and formally enrolled. That day, as well as repeatedly through the school year, the nine would meet at the Bates house to discuss their treatment at the school and how best to respond to it. The house continued to receive formal police protection as well as informal security organize by Mr. Bates. Despite this, crosses were burned twice in the yard, and shots were fired through the windows from passing vehicles. Mrs. Bates was hanged in effigy in Ouachita County in July 1958.</p><br>
<p>The Little Rock School Board was able to defer integration by closing all of its high schools for the 1958-59 academic year. The Bates house was the target of an incendiary bomb not long after this closure went into effect. The schools were reopened in 1959, once again with a small number of African-American students, and the Bates house again served as meeting point for them.</p><br>
<p>Atkins High School located at Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, North Carolina, was dedicated on April 2, 1931, as a facility for “Negro children”. The building, equipment and grounds were valued at that time at $400,000. This was paid primarily by the city, with a grant of $50,000 from the Rosenwald Fund.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Julius Rosenwald was a president of Sears Roebuck who was noted for supporting black schools throughout the south. The first principal was John Carter, who had previously been a professor at Winston-Salem Teacher’s College. He continued as principal until 1959. The school curriculum included both an academic track for those students intending to go on to college, and a vocational track for those intending to start work immediately.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Simon Green Atkins came to Winston-Salem from Raleigh, North Carolina, where he graduated from St. Augustine Normal and Collegiate Institute (now St. Augustines College). In 1890, he accepted the position of principal of Depot Street School in Winston-Salem. Dr. Atkins was the organizer, secretary, and agent of the board that started Slater Industrial Academy in 1892, now Winston–Salem State University. Dr. Atkins served as principal of Slater on a part-time basis for the first two years of its existence, while he continued his work as principal of Depot Street School. As Slater Industrial Academy grew, the demands upon Dr. Atkins leadership and direction increased. In 1895, he resigned his position at Depot Street School to devote himself entirely to Slater Academy.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Atkins name was transferred to a new building housing the Simon G. Atkins Academic & Technology High School in September 2006 when the school building was renamed the Winston-Salem Preparatory Academy.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Hubbard Alexander - American football coach</p><br>
<p>William Bell (1957) - Mayor of Durham, North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>Carl Eller - Minnesota Vikings.</p><br>
<p>Happy Hairston - Los Angeles Lakers.</p><br>
<p>Togo D. West, Jr. (1959) - Secretary of the Army, Secretary of Veterans Affairs.</p><br>
<p>Nadine Winter - Member of the District of Columbia Council</p><br>
<p>Larry W. Womble - Member of the North Carolina State House of Representatives.</p><br>
<p>Lawrence Joel - United States Army Medal Of Honor Recipient.</p><br>
<p>Herman Gilliam - Atlanta Hawks, Seattle SuperSonics and Portland Trail Blazers.</p><br>
<p>Willie William Porter - Cincinnati Royals.</p><br>
<p>Talmadge L. Hill - Buffalo Bills.</p><br>
<p>William Edmond McKoy - Denver Broncos.</p><br>
<p>The Eaker Site  is an archaeological site on Eaker Air Force Base near Blytheville, Arkansas that was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1996. The site is the largest and most intact Late Mississippian Nodena Phase village site within the Central Mississippi Valley, with archaeological evidence indicating a palisaded village some 50 acre in size, with hundreds of structures. The site&#39;s major period of occupation was 1350–1450 CE, although evidence of occupation dates back to 600 CE. The site is also hypothesized to have been occupied by the Quapaw prior to a migration further south, after which they made contact with Europeans in the late 17th century.</p><br>
<h2>Description and archaeological history</h2><br>
<p>The Eaker Site is located in northeastern Arkansas, overlooking Pemiscot Bayou, a tributary of the St. Francis River. It is an area that saw little development before 1900, when agricultural endeavors resulted in the drainage of local swamps. The property was acquired by the United States Air Force in 1942, and has been part of Eaker Air Force Base since then.</p><br>
<p>The site was first recorded in 1973, although its location was incorrectly given, and was not corrected until 1978, when an amateur archaeologist collected samples from the site. Preliminary surveys were made in 1980 and 1982 by state archaeologists, and in 1988 a full investigation established the boundaries of the 80 acre site. This work yielded more than 100 projectile points and over 2,000 pottery fragments. A portion of the site has since been surveyed using a magnetometer, identifying a significant number of subsurface features of interest, including as many as 400 house sites. Excavations have yielded evidence of refuse middens, houses, toolmaking workshops, and human remains.</p><br>
<p>The most significant damage to the site took place shortly after the Air Force occupation in 1942, when a portion of a platform mound was apparently used as fill for one of the airfield runways. A mound-like feature in the northeast of the site is believed to represent the surviving element of this structure.</p><br>
<h2>Analysis</h2><br>
<p>According to the archaeological finds, the site appears to have been occupied several times between about 600 CE and 1500 CE. The pottery finds are similar in distribution to those found at the Nodena Site, and the Nodena period (1350–1450 CE) is when this site appears to have been occupied to its greatest extent. This occupation included a large village, occupying about 50 acre of the site, which was surrounded by a wooden palisade and ditch. The southern 30 acre have evidence of Late Woodland Period occupation.</p><br>
<p>The site is significant for its size, which should enable archaeologists to uncover substantial evidence about the society which occupied it, including information such as social stratification (as indicated by differing burial practices, and the arrangement of structures in the village), and trading patterns with surrounding communities. It may also yield valuable information about agricultural practices, given its location in a place favorable for such uses.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992, and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Taylor Robinson House is a historic house at 2122 Broadway in Little Rock, Arkansas. Built in 1904 for a wealthy lumber merchant, it was the home of Arkansas governor and United States Senator Joseph Taylor Robinson between 1930 and 1937, the period of his greatest influence. Robinson  served as Senate Majority Leader from 1933–37, and was instrumental in the passage of New Deal legislation during the Hundred Days Congress which followed the inauguration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt as President of the United States. Roosevelt was a guest of Robinson&#39;s at this house in 1936. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Robinson house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure resting on a foundation of granite and brick. The exterior is sheathed in clapboards, and the roof is steeply pitched with a complex and irregular plan. There are four chimneys, two of brick and two of granite and brick. The main (east-facing) facade consists of a full-width porch supported by three square granite posts, above which are two pairs of sash windows, topped by a pair of gable ends, each with two small square windows. The gable ends are finished in stucco with decorative half-timbering. The porch is decorated with flattened Tudor-style arches and ornamental brackets, and shelters the main entrance, which is under the right gable, and paired windows under the left gable.</p><br>
<p>The south elevation has a porch stylistically similar to that on the main facade, but smaller. Above it is a fully enclosed sleeping porch, and there is a gable dormer projecting from the roof. The west (rear) elevation has two small porches, and the north elevation has a dormer matching that on the south side.</p><br>
<p>The interior has a wealth of high-quality woodwork, made using some of the choicest and most unusual cuts available at the time. The sliding door between the living and dining rooms is made of burled pine, and the entrance columns to the living room were supposedly fashioned from tree trunks.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the house, the property includes a carriage house built using the same methods as the house. The yard is enclosed by an iron fence on the south and east sides, and a rock wall on the north and west sides.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was designed by Frank W. Gibb and built in 1904 for Henry Howard Foster, a wealthy lumber merchant. Foster died in 1915, and the house continued to be occupied by his widow until it was purchased by Joseph Taylor Robinson, who had been United States Senator since 1913. Robinson would live in this house until his death in 1937, and then his widow until her death in 1958. The house remained in the Robinson family until 1972, and is now used as a facility for housing cancer patients receiving treatment at Little Rock facilities. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1994, in recognition for its association with Robinson during his period of greatest influence in national politics. It is the best-preserved of the two surviving houses Robinson owned.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Taylor Robinson (1872-1937) was born in Lonoke, Arkansas, and attended the University of Arkansas and the University of Virginia Law School, both without graduating. He was admitted to the Arkansas Bar in 1895 and quickly distinguished himself. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1902 as a Democrat, and served five terms before winning election as Governor of Arkansas. He served 55 days as governor, winning legislative appointment to the United States Senate in early 1913 after the previous appointee, Jefferson Davis, died.</p><br>
<p>In 1923 Robinson was elected Senate Minority Leader, and in 1928 he won the Democratic nomination for Vice President, on the ticket with Alfred E. Smith. The 1928 election, won by Herbert Hoover, put Robinson in the national spotlight. When Franklin Delano Roosevelt won election in 1932, Democrats also gained control of the Senate, and Robinson became Majority Leader. In this position he was a legislative lieutenant for Roosevelt&#39;s New Deal agenda, shepherding a number of important bills through the Senate. The only bill to bear his name is the Robinson-Patman Act, which forbade manufacturers from giving rebates to large retailers.</p><br>
<p>Robinson was apparently considered for a Cabinet position by Roosevelt, but the president apparently concluded Robinson had more value in the legislative arena. Robinson is known to have hosted Roosevelt at his Little Rock home only once, on June 10, 1936.</p><br>
<p>The Menard-Hodges Site ), is an archaeological site in Arkansas County, Arkansas. It includes two large mounds as well as several house mounds. It is the type site for the Menard phase, a protohistoric Mississippian culture group. It is considered as a possible candidate for the Province of Anilco encountered by the Hernando de Soto Entrada in 1540. It was contemporaneous with the Parkin site, believed by many archaeologists to be the location Casqui, and the Nodena Site, believed by many archaeologists to be the location of Pacaha.</p><br>
<p>The site was excavated by James A. Ford in 1958. The excavations included burials, with graves in extended, flexed, and secondary interments scattered throughout the site and oriented in many different directions. The site has yielded evidence of occupation as early as the Baytown Period (300-700 CE), all the way to the European contact period in the 16th century. The most unusual formation at the site is Mound A, which is conical in shape, and was built in two stages. Ceramics found at the site are consistent with native occupation at the time Henri de Tonti established the first French outpost nearby in 1686.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989. In 1997 the National Park Service acquired a tract of 360 acre which encompasses the site of the mound complex and the site believed to be that of Tonti&#39;s 1686 outpost. It is now administered as part of the Arkansas Post National Memorial, whose main site is 5 mi (but 25 mi by road) from the mound site.</p><br>
<p>Parkin Archeological State Park, also known as Parkin Indian Mound, is an archeological site and state park in Parkin, Cross County, Arkansas. Around 1350&ndash;1650 CE an aboriginal palisaded village existed at the site, at the confluence of the St. Francis and Tyronza Rivers. Artifacts from this site are on display at the site museum. The Parkin Site is the type site for the Parkin phase, an expression of the Mississippian culture from the Late Mississippian period. Many archeologists believe it to be part of the province of Casqui, documented as visited by Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto in 1542. Archeological artifacts from the village of the Parkin people are dated to 1400&ndash;1650 CE.</p><br>
<p>The Parkin site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964 for its significance as a type site of the Parkin Phase. In 1966, the Parkin Indian Mound was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Parkin Archeological State Park is located at 60 Arkansas Highway 184 North, Parkin, Arkansas.</p><br>
<h2>Culture of the Parkin Phase</h2><br>
<p>The Parkin Site is the type site for an important Late Mississippian cultural component, the Parkin phase, which dates from about 1400&ndash;1700 CE. The Parkin phase was a collection of villages along the St. Francis and Tyronza Rivers. This culture is contemporary with the Caborn-Welborn culture and Menard, Tipton, Walls and the Nodena phases. It has been determined that the site was continuously occupied for at least 500 years.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1540s, the Spanish Hernando de Soto expedition is believed to have visited several sites in the Parkin Phase, which is usually identified as the Province of Casqui, with the Nodena Phase being identified as the province of Pacaha. The province takes its name from the chieftain Casqui, who ruled the tribe from its primary village. The de Soto chroniclers indicate that political provinces, characterized by a paramount chief living in a paramount town, with satellite vassal towns surrounding it, were the major political institutions of this area. The Parkin phase is a series of twenty-one villages of varying sizes along the St. Francis and Tyronza rivers, most of them roughly 2.5 mi apart from each other. These sites include the Rose Mound, Glover, Neeleys Ferry, and Barton Ranch.</p><br>
<h3>Settlement pattern</h3><br>
<p>During the preceding periods, homesteads and small villages had been spread throughout the area, but by this time endemic warfare had forced the populations to consolidate into the palisaded villages. They would leave their villages during the day to farm their fields, collect wood, and hunt, but at night return to the safety of their well defended villages. The people of the Parkin phase were isolated from other phases to their east and southeast by swamps, which the Spanish chroniclers described as some of the worst they had crossed. The swamps acted as buffer zones in between the</p><br>
<p>hostile phases. As time went on, the material culture of the Parkin phase diverged more and more from the surrounding phases. Among other indicators, this diversion was characterized by changes in pottery designs and mortuary practices. The cultural changes show that the peoples of the Parkin phase were becoming isolated from their neighbors not only culturally but also physically. Motifs on artifacts found at the Parkin phase sites show that the people of Parkin were part of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, an extensive religious and trade network that brought Mill Creek chert, whelk shells, and other exotic goods to the Parkin phase sites.</p><br>
<h3>Agriculture and food</h3><br>
<p>The people of Parkin were intensely involved in maize agriculture, as well as other food crops originating in the Americas, such as beans, gourds, squash, and sunflowers. After the harvest maize was stored in large above ground cribs for consumption during the remainder of the year. They also gathered wild foodstuffs such as pecans and persimmons. The de Soto chroniclers described the area as being under heavy cultivation, and the most populous they had seen in La Florida. The Spaniards described groves of wild fruit and nut bearing trees, implying that the Parkin phase peoples must have left them standing when clearing other trees for the cultivation of maize and their other crops. The hunting of whitetail deer, squirrel, rabbit, turkey, and mallard was practiced as well as fishing for alligator gar, catfish, drum, turtles and mussels. The two rivers and the moat must have been a very productive source of fish, as the de Soto chroniclers spoke often of "gifts of fish" from the residents of Casqui.</p><br>
<h3>Language</h3><br>
<p>The peoples of Parkin were probably Tunican or Siouan speaking. It is known that the Tunica were in the area at the time of the de Soto Entrada, and the related group of phases present in the region may have all been Tunica peoples, with Caddoan speakers to their west and south. By the time of later European contact in the 1670s and the beginning of the historic period, the area was occupied by the Dhegiha Siouan speaking Quapaw. Unsuccessful attempts have been made to connect pottery styles and words from the de Soto narratives with the Quapaw.</p><br>
<h2>Parkin Site 1350&ndash;1650 CE</h2><br>
<p>The site was a 17 acre palisaded village at the confluence of the St. Francis and Tyronza rivers. All other sites of the Parkin Phase are located on very fertile soil, but not the Parkin Site. The soil is not adequate to support the population level that is thought to have resided at the site. It is believed that the large village was located at the confluence of the two rivers because this allowed the residents to control transportation and trade on the waterways.</p><br>
<p>The site had one large substructure mound and six smaller ones arranged around a central plaza. The largest mound was 21.3 ft tall, with a projecting terrace level that was 5 ft tall. It is located beside the St. Francis River, with the plaza on its other side. The Spanish chroniclers describe the main mound as having a large structure at its summit, which was the residence of the chief, Casqui. Situated on the terrace level were the homes and other structures used by his wives and attendants.</p><br>
<p>The other six mounds ranged from 3.2 to 5 ft in height. The plaza would have been used for religious rituals and the playing of games such as chunkey and the ballgame. Surrounding the plaza were numerous well-laid out houses, aligned to the axis of the mound and plaza, giving the whole site a planned look. The villages of this area were described as having few if any trees, probably because wood was the primary source of fuel and building materials. The Spanish camped amongst a nearby grove of trees to avoid the sweltering heat on the floodplain. Homes were built from wattle and daub, with thatched roofs.</p><br>
<p>The palisade which surrounded the site on three sides was designed for defensive purposes. It had bastions at regular intervals, with archers slots to defend against plundering enemies. Immediately outside the palisade was a large moat, which surrounded the site on three sides and connected to the St. Francis River, which was its fourth side. The area inside the ditch and palisade was 3.2 ft higher than the surrounding land. Although the level of the site may have been raised by the inhabitants, it is more likely that dirt and refuse built up in the confined space and raised its level gradually, similar to a tell in the Middle East.</p><br>
<h3>Pottery</h3><br>
<p>Most pottery found at the Parkin Site is of the kind known as Mississippian Plain var. Neeleys Ferry and Barton Incised var. Togo (formerly called Parkin Punctated). Pottery found at Parkin phase sites are usually utilitarian wares rather than the elaborate mortuary types found at the Nodena, Kent or Walls phase burials. The archaeologist Clarence Bloomfield Moore described pottery from St. Francis River sites with adjectives such as "lopsided", "insufficiently fired", "rude and scanty", of "inferior surface" and "great monotony". In fact elaborate effigy pottery were also found at these sites, including five human head effigy pots, underwater panther effigies, elaborate fish and dog effigies, and red and white spiral, swastika and stripped bottles. The inclusion of less specifically mortuary wares found in graves seems to be a cultural difference between the Parkin peoples and the peoples of the surrounding phases.</p><br>
<p>The Parkin Phase people put a bowl and a bottle into a grave with the bodies, as did the people of the Nodena, Walls, and Kent phases. Pottery made by the Parkin people was built up from strips of clay, and then smoothed out by the potter, much like other pottery in the Eastern America area where the potters wheel was unknown. Slips using galena for white, hematite for red, and sometimes graphite for black were used to paint the pottery. The effigy head pots give an idea of what the people of the Parkin Site may have looked like, as envisioned by this bust on display at the Parkin Site museum.</p><br>
<h3>Spanish artifacts</h3><br>
<p>In 1966, a Spanish trade bead, which matches descriptions of the seven-layer glass beads carried by the expedition, was found at the Parkin site, as well as a brass bell known as a "Clarksdale bell". The bell was associated with a child&#39;s burial, which also contained four pottery items, all known types of Parkin Phase pottery. This is one of only a handful of sites in the Southeast where items from the de Soto expedition have been found in a datable archaeological context. In 1977, a large charred posthole was found at the summit of the large substructure mound at the Parkin Site. In 2016, a portion of a cypress log, believed to be part of the cross that De Soto erected on the site in 1541, was unearthed and is currently undergoing further study.</p><br>
<p>Responsible body: State</p><br>
<p>Toltec Mounds Archeological State Park (3 LN 42), also known as Knapp Mounds, Toltec Mounds Site or Toltec Mounds, is an archaeological site from the Late Woodland period in Arkansas that protects an 18-mound complex with the tallest surviving prehistoric mounds in Arkansas. The site is on the banks of Mound Lake, an oxbow lake of the Arkansas River. It was occupied by its original inhabitants from 600 to 1050 CE. The site is designated as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The identification of the site with the Toltec of Mexico was a 19th-century mistake. Mrs. Gilbert Knapp, owner of the land from 1857 to 1900, thought the Toltecs had built the mounds.</p><br>
<p>Investigations at the site by archaeologist Edward Palmer from the Smithsonian Institutions Bureau of American Ethnology in 1883 and by others since have proved that the indigenous ancestors of regional Native Americans had built these mounds and all other mounds within the present-day United States. They were part of mound building cultures that flourished from the Late Archaic period into the Protohistoric period. They built earthwork mounds for religious, political and ceremonial purposes, connecting them to their cosmology.</p><br>
<h2>Plum Bayou Culture</h2><br>
<p>The people who built the mounds at the Toltec site had a culture distinct from other contemporary Native American groups in the Mississippi Valley. Archaeologists named theirs the Plum Bayou culture, after a local waterway. Plum Bayou sites are found throughout the White River and Arkansas River floodplains of central and eastern Arkansas, but are also found as far west as the eastern Ozark Mountains. Toltec is the largest site of the Plum Bayou culture. Their relationships with neighboring cultures such as the Coles Creek culture to the south and Fourche Maline culture to the southwest are still under investigation. The people lived in permanent villages and hamlets throughout the countryside. They built sturdy houses, farmed, gathered wild plants, fished, and hunted.</p><br>
<h3>Toltec Site</h3><br>
<p>Mound groups, such as this one, were religious and social centers for people living in the surrounding countryside. The Toltec Mounds site had a small population, made up primarily of political and religious leaders of the community and their families. This center was occupied from about 600 to 1050 CE.</p><br>
<p>Located on the banks of an oxbow lake, the archaeological site once had an 8 - and 5,298 ft earthen embankment and ditch on three sides. The other side was the lake, now called Mound Pond. Eighteen mounds were built inside the high curving 1 mile embankment, and two were originally 38 and high. Mounds were placed along the edges of two open areas (plazas) which were used for political, religious, and social activities attended by people from the vicinity. At least two mounds were used for feasting, as indicated by discarded food remains. Deer were a favorite food. Mound locations seem to have been planned using principles based on the alignment with important solar positions and standardized units of measurement. Most of the mounds were flat-topped platform mounds with buildings on them. Other Native Americans lived on the site in the 15th century, but they did not build the mounds.</p><br>
<p>The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978.,</p><br>
<h2>Culture, phase and chronological table for the Toltec Mound Site</h2><br>
<p>Table taken from "Emerging Patterns of Plum Bayou Culture:Preliminary Investigations of the Toltec Mounds Research Project", by Martha Ann Rolingson, 1982.</p><br>
<p>Wallowa Lake is a ribbon lake 1 mi south of Joseph, Oregon, United States, at an elevation of 4,372 ft. Impounded by high moraines, it was formed by a series of Pleistocene glaciers. On the south end of the lake is a small community made up of vacation homes, lodging, restaurants, as well as other small businesses. Wallowa Lake has been used for recreation since at least 1880. The Wallowa Lake State Park is at the southern tip of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and formation</h2><br>
<p>Wallowa Lake has been used in geology textbooks as an example of a lake dammed by moraines. These moraines begin well below the water&#39;s surface and climb to over 900 ft above the lake. Before the glacial till compounded enough to form the moraines that currently surround the lake, a large alluvial fan was present in the valley. This fan was created by the Wallowa River transporting debris into the valley. The sediment left by the river was pushed by a series of glaciers that advanced north into the valley. As they pushed the debris, they also dug deep into the earth. Though the number of glaciers that formed the moraines is debated, the most accepted hypothesis is that eight or nine glaciers formed the walls that now dam the lake. The last glacier advanced into the valley about 17,000 years ago and is known as the Wallowa Glacier. Its moraines form much of the lake shore. Near Glacier Lake, high in the surrounding mountains, is evidence of several subsequent glacier advances. Occurring subsequent to the formation of Wallowa Lake, these did not reach the location of the lake. The earliest of these was 11,000&ndash;10,000 years before present.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Gold rush and battle with the Nez Perce</h3><br>
<p>The Wallowa Lake area was inhabited by the Wallowa band of the Nez Perce tribe prior to the exploration of the area and the formation of the USA State of Oregon. The lake and its surrounding area was guaranteed to the Nez Perce as part of the Treaty of 1855. This lasted until the discovery of gold in the area and the subsequent rush. Conflict with miners and other trespassers resulted in new treaty negotiations in 1863, in which American agents aimed to shrink the reservation and exclude the Wallowa country from its boundaries. The Wallowa Nez Perce rejected the proposed treaty and refused to sign. However, chiefs from bands unaffected by the new boundaries, from the areas that remained within the reservation, did sign, placing the Wallowa band outside the reservation. By 1877, pressures from non-Indian settlers provoked violence, including the murder of Idahoans by some young Nez Perce warriors. Rather than submit to American notions of justice, Young Joseph led the Wallowas away from their homeland. After the war, the USA Government took the land and allowed it to be settled. This led to the formation of many of the nearby towns that still exist today.</p><br>
<p>October 5, 1877, the day of the surrender, Chief Joseph gave the following speech:</p><br>
<p>After the surrender, Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce were banished from the area. Today many monuments and dedications are set up at the lake and its surrounding cities in remembrance of the Nez Perce tribe and the battle that took place. In 1880 the town nearest to Wallowa Lake, Joseph, was named after Chief Joseph. The battle is remembered by historians as one of the last battles the USA forces had with Native Americans. It is also remembered and used as an example of the injustice the Native American people faced by the USA Government.</p><br>
<h3>Formation of Joseph and Wallowa Lake tourism</h3><br>
<p>The first businesses near the lake were in the town of Joseph. In 1879, a man named Matthew Johnson who was the first postmaster for Joseph, ran the first store. Due to the needs of the crowds of gold miners who were flocking to the area, the store was a success and the town of Joseph began to grow. The area became so populated that Wallowa County was formed in 1887, which encompassed the lake and its surrounding cities.</p><br>
<p>Wallowa Lake gained popularity among gold miners and soon began attracting guests from other areas. Seeing an emerging tourism market, entrepreneurs began building businesses at the lake. Among those built was the Wonderland Inn, now known as the Wallowa Lake Lodge. The Wonderland Inn was developed in 1923 as an amusement park at the south end of the lake. The park contained a restaurant, store, bowling alley, dance hall, outdoor movie theater, horse drawn carousel and cabins for those wishing to stay overnight. An 18-passenger boat carried the guests who arrived in Joseph (which lies at the north end of the lake) down the entire four mile stretch of Wallowa Lake, finally arriving at the inn and amusement park.</p><br>
<p>The amusement park operated until 1940, when snowfall from an unusually harsh winter crushed most of the buildings and rendered the park inoperable. However, the inn survived the winter and still remains in operation, though renamed the Wallowa Lake Lodge. The area at the south end of the lake continued to be developed commercially. Several more stores, lodges, restaurants, and rental cabins were built in the following years, turning the south end of the lake into a tourist community.</p><br>
<p>The businesses at the south end of Wallowa Lake are members of a non-profit tourism association. This association maintains a website, supports tourism in the area and works to solve issues across the lake community.</p><br>
<p>There are 2,000 to 3,000 people residing at the south end of Wallowa Lake in summer with all businesses open. However, from October through March there are less than 40 year-round residences at the south end of the lake, which is designated as a CDP by the USA Census Bureau, and only a few lodging businesses remain open.</p><br>
<h2>Dam</h2><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s natural outlet to the north, closest to the town of Joseph, was the site of a private dam constructed in 1918 for irrigation, and raised to a 35 ft-high concrete gravity dam in 1929. No hydroelectric power is generated. It is owned and operated by a non-profit of local irrigation consumers, Associated Ditch Companies of Joseph.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, the United States Bureau of Reclamation and the Oregon Water Resources Department identified deficiencies in the safety of the aging "high hazard" structure. In 2006, state and federal money was appropriated for rehabilitation and a reconstruction which may allow a migrating fish passage, specifically for re-introduced coho and sockeye salmon.</p><br>
<h2>Tramway</h2><br>
<p>Located near the lake is an aerial cable gondola lift. It runs from the bottom of the valley to the top of Mount Howard, which is measured at 8,000 ft. It was built in 1968 and opened to the public in 1970. From the tram car, the passenger can see spectacular views of Wallowa Lake as well as the surrounding mountains. In June 1992, a malfunction occurred in the operating system of the Tram and all passengers had to be evacuated by helicopter. There were no injuries and the incident serves as the only such problem that has occurred on the Tramway.</p><br>
<p>Høgsfjorden is a fjord in Rogaland county, Norway. The innermost part of the fjord is located at the village of Frafjord in the municipality of Gjesdal. It flows west to Dirdal and then heads northwards. At the village of Forsand, the Lysefjord branches off to the northeast. The Høgsfjorden continues to the northwest past the islands of Idsal and Idse before emptying into the Horgefjorden  and ultimately into the vast Boknafjorden. The fjord runs through the municipalities of Gjesdal, Forsand, Sandnes, and Strand.</p><br>
<p>The 23 km long fjord is about 1,500 m wide and has a maximum depth of 170 m. The innermost part of the fjord from Dirdal to Frafjord is also known as the Frafjorden. There is a regular ferry crossing about midway through the fjord connecting Forsand and Høle.</p><br>
<p>The Cheoah Dam is a hydroelectric complex located in Graham and Swain counties, North Carolina on the Little Tennessee River between river miles 51 and 52. The Cheoah Development consists of a dam and powerhouse, the first of several constructed by the Tallassee Power Company, now Tapoco. The Cheoah project began in 1916 as a construction camp at the Narrows where the Little Tennessee River flowed through a narrow gorge, and was completed in 1919. Cheoah Dam helps form the long, narrow Cheoah Reservoir, which covers the approximately 644 acres of the normal full pool area and a drainage area of 1,608 square miles. The elevation of Cheoah Reservoir is 1,276.8 ft . A scenic highway runs the length of the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The water inflow for Cheoah, like Calderwood and Chilhowee, is primarily dependent on releases from TVA&#39;s Fontana Dam. Fontana Dam is the primary flow control facility for the lower Little Tennessee River. Tapoco built and operated the Cheoah Development until 2012 when it was sold to Brookfield Renewable Energy Partners, forming Brookfield Smoky Mountain Hydropower.</p><br>
<p>When completed, the 225 ft dam was the world&#39;s highest overflow dam. The turbines were the largest in the world, and the 150,000-volt transmission line had the highest voltage and the longest span for a transmission line — 5,010 ft across the river below Cheoah Dam. The dam and associated structures were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The dam was used as a filming location for the 1993 movie The Fugitive, starring Harrison Ford.</p><br>
<p>Cheoah Dam - NARA - 280752.jpg1939</p><br>
<p>CheoahDam.JPG2008</p><br>
<p>Santeetlah Dam is a hydroelectric development on the Cheoah River  in Graham County, North Carolina. The dam together with a pipeline/tunnel facility, and a powerhouse form the Santeetlah Development. The Santeetlah powerhouse is located on the left bank of the Cheoah Reservoir portion of the Little Tennessee River five miles  upstream of the Cheoah Dam.</p><br>
<p>The Santeetlah Project, which began in 1925, was completed in 1928 by the Tallassee Power Company (now Tapoco).</p><br>
<p>The Santeetlah Dam forms the Santeetlah Reservoir, which covers approximately 2,881 acre, normal full pool area, with a drainage area of 176 square miles and stretches to Robbinsville, North Carolina. The elevation of Santeetlah Reservoir is 1,940.9 ft according to the USGS. The dam is 212 ft high and 1,054 ft long, and was one of the first structures built using vibratory damping to control concrete quality. It has two spillways with a capacity of 50,000 cfs. It is topped by concrete gatehouse which controls water flows into the five mile tunnel running to the Little Tennessee. The project&#39;s major elements were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Santeetlah and Cheoah developments have practically flooded the Cheoah River. Water from Santeetlah is piped to the Rhymer&#39;s Ferry generating facility on Cheoah Lake, with any water flowing below the dam coming from downstream tributaries or reservoir overflow.</p><br>
<p>The facility is owned and operated by Tapoco. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) maintains limited control over lake levels, as the piped output from Lake Santeetlah flows into Topocos Santeethlah Power House at Rhymers Ferry upstream from Cheoah Dam and just below Fontana Dam. Overflow travels to the Cheoah River just below the Cheoah Dam.</p><br>
<p>Chilhowee Dam is a hydroelectric dam located in Blount and Monroe counties, Tennessee, United States, between river mile 33 and 34 on the Little Tennessee River. Construction began in 1955 and was completed in 1957. The dams reservoir covers approximately 1,734 acre at normal full pool and has a drainage area of 1,977 square miles. The elevation of Chilhowee Reservoir is 874 ft above mean sea level . Chilhowees powerhouse is equipped with three Kaplan turbines that have a combined generating capacity of 48 megawatts.</p><br>
<p>Like Calderwood and Cheoah, Chilhowee is controlled by TVA&#39;s Fontana Dam. Fontana Dam is the primary flow control facility for the lower Little Tennessee River. Tapoco built and operates the Chilhowee Development.</p><br>
<p>Chilhowee Dam and its powerhouse are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Chilhowee Hydroelectric Development.</p><br>
<p>Alaska Native Brotherhood Hall, or Sitka Camp No. 1, is significant for being the original chapter of the Alaska Native Brotherhood, an Alaska-wide Native organization. It is located on the waterfront in Sitka, Alaska, on Katlian Street.</p><br>
<p>The two-story building, built in 1914, is of wood-frame construction, and is about 40 ft wide and 60 ft long. Most of its length extends out over water, supported on pilings. The roof is trimmed at front and back by plain bargeboard with seven unadorned corbel-like supports in the form of triangular struts. Architectural evidence suggests that the building has been altered and enlarged; adding the front quarter of the building and raising the roof to a full two stories probably occurred sometime after its original construction.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building is mainly taken up by a large two-story auditorium, with the stage at the rear (over the water). A narrow gallery, accessed by stairs within the auditorium space, wraps around its rear and side walls. The front of the building has a lobby area on the first floor, and office space for the Brotherhood on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The Alaska Native Brotherhood was founded in Sitka by Tlingit natives in 1912 as a vehicle to fight discrimination against them in restaurants and movie theaters. The organization, which now has a much broader membership across Alaska&#39;s many native groups, has been successful in bringing about significant changes for its members, including securing United States citizenship for Alaska natives and passage of the Alaska Historic Preservation Act.</p><br>
<p>The hall was added to the National Register of Historical Places in 1972 and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Eustatia  is a brick house overlooking the Hudson River in Beacon, New York, United States. Located on Monell Place in the northwestern corner of the city, it is a rare survival in Beacon of a cottage in the Victorian Gothic style.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1867 to designs by Frederick Clarke Withers for his friend John Monell (after whom todays street is named), a New York state judge. Monell had recently married Caroline DeWindt Downing, widow of the influential Newburgh architect Andrew Jackson Downing, with whom Withers had worked. They built the house on property deeded to them by her father, John DeWindt, near her familys own cottage.</p><br>
<p>Withers design was heavily influenced by the sketches and design ideas of his mentor Downing, and appeared eight years later in an edition of Downings popular Cottage Residences, among many other plans Withers had added. It retains the form and reserve of many of Downing&#39;s designs, but adds the "polychromatic enrichment" of the Ruskinian gothic styles Withers was beginning to explore. A garden next to the house remains as originally planned, and the interior retains many period details such as a tiled marble entry floor and dark walnut moldings.</p><br>
<p>Its original form and appearance have remained largely intact since its construction despite subsequent changes in ownership and the addition of modern utilities. In 1979 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>St. Michael&#39;s Cathedral , also known as the Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel , is a cathedral of the Orthodox Church in America Diocese of Alaska, at Lincoln and Matsoutoff Streets in Sitka, Alaska. The earliest Orthodox cathedral in the New World, it was built in the nineteenth century, when Alaska was under the control of Russia. After 1872, the cathedral came under the control of the Diocese of Alaska. It has been a National Historic Landmark since 1962, notable as an important legacy of Russian influence in North America and Southeast Alaska in particular.</p><br>
<p>An accidental fire destroyed the cathedral during the night of January 2, 1966, but it was subsequently rebuilt. The new building’s green domes and golden crosses are a prominent landmark in Sitka. Some of the icons date to the mid-17th century; two icons are by Vladimir Borovikovsky.</p><br>
<p>St. Michaels Cathedral is located in the downtown business district in Sitka, on the southwestern coast of Baranof Island in the Alexander Archipelago of Southeastern Alaska. Its surroundings along Lincoln Street and Maksutoff Street, which ends at the cathedral, have not altered much during the last more than 100 years. while Pioneers Home is to its left. The restored Russian Bishop&#39;s House, home of the first Orthodox Bishop of Alaska, Innocent (Veniaminov), is also nearby, operated by the National Park Service as part of the Sitka National Historical Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1808, Alexander Baranov, the Chief Manager of the Russian-American Company, shifted his headquarters of operation in North America from Kodiak to New Archangel (Novo-Arkhangel&#39;sk) in Southeast Alaska, as it had better fortifications, and renamed it Sitka. Veniaminov built a church there at this time. In 1816, Fr. Aleksei Sokolov (1787–after 1833) was the first priest to arrive in Sitka from Russia. He brought the festival icon of St. Michael and the silver-plated icon, which is to the right of the main ikonostasis and the festival icon of St. Michael is in the Chapel of Our Lady of Kazan on display in a showcase. An older, dilapidated church was replaced by a new building in 1834, also dedicated to St. Michael.</p><br>
<p>The cathedral was founded by Fr. Ioann Veniaminov, a Siberian-born priest who had worked in Alaska for ten years at Unalaska and had designed and built a two-domed church, and also established a school.</p><br>
<p>A Temperance Society and Brotherhood formed within the cathedral was instrumental in maintaining the building during the lean years after the Alaska Purchase. In 1909, the society made a scale-model replica of the cathedral and exhibited it at the Smithsonian exposition in San Francisco. During Russian rule in Alaska, patronage from Russian aristocracy brought in significant artistic treasures, which were mostly retrieved from the fire of January 1966 and are now on display in the new cathedral. A notable gift was the icon of Our Lady of Kazan, also called the Sitka Madonna, from the workers of the Russian-American Company. In 1962, the National Park Service inscribed St. Michael Cathedral as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Original cathedral</h2><br>
<p>The old cathedral, built between 1844 and 1848, remained in good shape with limited modifications for more than one hundred years, till it burnt down in January 1966; it had then been the oldest church in Alaska. It had been built with logs of native wood with clapboard siding, domes made of metal and roofs of wood shingle, subsequently changed to asphalt shingles.</p><br>
<p>The royal doors in the center of the Ikonostasis (a wall of icons and religious paintings, separating the nave from the sanctuary) and the chandelier were the most treasured items retrieved and restored in the new cathedral. The silk and brocade vestments were also retrieved.</p><br>
<h2>Present cathedral</h2><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>Reconstruction was based on 1961 drawings of the old cathedral by the Historic American Buildings Survey. This facilitated building a replica to the same measurements at the same location, but with modern fireproof material in its construction. The materials used in the construction of the new cathedral consisted of concrete and steel with vinyl siding duplicating the original finish, roof covering of asphalt shingles (bitumen-soaked paper covered with aggregate) and copper for the roofing of the domes. The Cathedral of St. Michael was re-consecrated in 1978. The old Chapel of St. John the Baptist (The Precursor) was renamed in honor of St. Innocent Veniaminov of Alaska. All of the icons and religious artifacts were donated by wealthy Russians and Imperial government officials in the early 19th century; those saved from the fire were reinstalled in the new cathedral in the same order that had existed in the original building. Its frontage is in the form of a Greek cross with a bell tower, which was "neither Byzantine nor Gothic”. Similar churches are stated to exist in St Petersburg, in an architectural style dated to late 18th century and early 19th century. It has two domes and one is above the sanctum of the cross.</p><br>
<p>In plan, the façade and the width of the cathedral are 67 ft, and its length is 96.6 ft. The exterior surface is painted light blue-grey with white border. The western facade houses the bell tower at the center and measures approximately 40 ft. It is in the shape of a cupola. It has eight arched openings, each fitted with a bell. The dome is needle shaped and has a triple bar Orthodox cross. The cupola is circumscribed by a balustrade. False windows are designed on top half of the tower. A round clock with Roman numerals and a pediment is fixed between the two 15-light false windows in the north, south, and west directions. A central double door provides entry into the vestibule or narthex of the cathedral in the lower floor of the bell tower, to the east of which is the nave. The cruciform plan of the cathedral is formed by the exterior walls which are extended arms to the west of the two chapels.</p><br>
<p>The dome is in the shape of an octagon with windows on each side. An onion-shaped dome is built above the structural dome, over an eight-sided cupola. The decorative onion dome is fitted with a three-bar cross at its pinnacle. The cathedral’s apse is at the eastern extremity, with dimensions the same as the exterior walls of the nave. There are two chapels, each of the same dimensions, which are aligned along the north and south sides of the nave. A double door (not in use) provides entry to the chapels. The cathedral has public halls that are well-lit. Lighting is natural from the windows fitted in the dome, and also from two large windows fitted in each chapel. The north and south walls of the nave have windows for lighting. Many false windows are also provided as decorations at the façades.</p><br>
<p>The interior also has a cruciform plan, as in the original cathedral. The walls and ceiling have rough natural-colored sail-cloth covering, as existed in the original cathedral. The western port of the nave has horizontal ceiling of natural-colored sail-cloth, providing access to the center of an open dome enclosing the middle of the naves placed above the Bishop&#39;s Throne. Instead of eight columns as in the original, the new cathedral has only four columns, made of steel and concrete and covered with sail-cloth.</p><br>
<h3>Fittings</h3><br>
<p>The interior decorations and fittings consist of the rich and much valued original collection of Russian religious art that had embellished the earlier cathedral. Two notable icons, both by Borovikovsky, are Our Lady of Sitka (familiarly the "Sitka Madonna") and Christ Pantocrator ("Christ the Judge" or "Christ Omnipotent"). The icon screens that divide the nave and the chapels from the altars are hung on the walls; a raised podium at the center of the nave is the bishops throne, which has a backless cushioned seat, representing the Diocese, and an intricately embroidered carpet or "orlets" used by the bishop while offering divine services. The iconostasis of the main sanctuary, dedicated to the Archangel (or St. Michael), has the deacons doors and royal doors made in the Italian Roccoco design, contrasted to the simple exterior and interior walls. The screen of iconostasis, however, is new, carved out of wood and painted white with gilded border; it is an exact replica made from a small remnant of the original, retrieved from the fire.</p><br>
<p>The icons are of Christ the Savior and the Virgin Mary, made in eighteenth–nineteenth-century style, and are silver-plated. The icon of the Archangel Michael is depicted on the extreme right and of St. Nicholas on extreme left; they are made in silver but gilded. Also seen are icons of the Four Evangelists on the four corners carved in relief on the door. Icons of the Annunciation and the Theotokos (Mother of God) are carved at the center; all the icons are of recent restoration. Paintings of scenes from the Old and New Testaments, in the style of western religious art, decorate the walls of the dome and the chapel. These were gifts from Count Viktor Kochubey and Countess Anna Orlova, who were close to the Tsars Alexander I (1800–1825) and Nicholas I (1825–1855). Apart from all the decorations in the interior, there are five display cases filled with treasures of the cathedral retrieved from the fire; two are in each chapel and one is in the nave.</p><br>
<p>The Fitzgerald River is a river in the Great Southern region of Western Australia.</p><br>
<p>Surveyor General John Septimus Roe discovered and named the river during expeditions in the area in 1848 after the governor of Western Australia of the day, Charles Fitzgerald.</p><br>
<p>The river rises near the Lake Magenta Nature Reserve about 300 m above sea level then flows in a southerly direction through farmland until it reaches the Fitzgerald River National Park. The headwaters are in a salt lake area where much of the land has been cleared for agricultural purposes; it is estimated that 40% of the catchment has been cleared.</p><br>
<p>Once the river enters the national park it is flowing through unspoilt bush and has cut magnificent gorges into the plateau of spongolite.</p><br>
<p>Some of the tributaries of the river include Sussetta River, Jacup Creek, Tertup Creek, Tooartup Creek and Martin Creek.</p><br>
<p>The river discharges into Fitzgerald Inlet which covers a total area of 10.8 km&sup2, the central basin and barriers have an area of 6.5 km&sup2; and the delta areas have an area of 3.8 km&sup2;. The inlet a very shallow estuary, has some fringing vegetation and is wave dominated.</p><br>
<p>The inlet, surrounding marshes and lower portion of the river are a DIWA-listed wetland. The area is a drought refuge for the chestnut teal and is a good example of a naturally saline river with an undisturbed coastal lagoon.</p><br>
<p>A 1 km vegetated sandbar exists between the wetlands and the ocean. The sandbar is breached for a few weeks most years following high rain events.</p><br>
<p>The river is saline, but was probably saline before land clearing, given that it rises in an area of salt lakes and spongelite would release salts as it is weathered.</p><br>
<p>The river&#39;s flow is variable being negligible in dry years, very low under normal conditions but able to flow strongly after substantial rainfall in the area.</p><br>
<p>Barboursville is the ruin of the mansion of James Barbour, located in Barboursville, Virginia. He was the former USA Senator, USA Secretary of War, and Virginia Governor. It is now within the property of Barboursville Vineyards. The house was designed by Thomas Jefferson, president of the United States and Barbour&#39;s friend and political ally. The ruin is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Original Jeffersonian design</h2><br>
<p>Until it burned on Christmas Day 1884, Barbour&#39;s house stood essentially as completed, c. 1822, from designs by Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson designed the house in the then fashionable Neo-Palladian style.</p><br>
<p>Only two one-story side porches appear to have been later additions. Though large in scale, the house contained only eight principal rooms, as the hall, drawing room, and dining room were two-story chambers. The entrance façade featured a projecting Roman Doric tetrastyle portico which covered the recessed front wall of the entrance hall. On the garden front, the walls of the octagonal drawing room projected into a similar portico, as at Monticello.</p><br>
<p>The octagonal dome which Jefferson proposed in his drawing was omitted during construction; it is uncertain whether the Chinese latticework railing which appeared in Jefferson&#39;s drawing around the base of the roof was ever installed. Although the dining room had no chamber over it, Jefferson indicated a faux window on the second floor level in order to keep the garden front symmetrical. This feature was omitted and consequently gave that side of the house an unbalanced appearance. There is little evidence as to the appearance of the original interior architectural trim.</p><br>
<h2>Destruction in fire</h2><br>
<p>During the fire of 1884, everything except the exterior brick walls, the interior masonry partitions, and the columns of the porticoes were destroyed. The ruins have been stabilized and are maintained as a tourist attraction.</p><br>
<h2>Related buildings</h2><br>
<p>To the north of the house are two service buildings which now serve as an inn for guests of Barboursville Vineyards. It is believed that these structures were built c. 1790 and were lived in by James Barbour until the main house was completed. As they are built on the slope of a hill, they appear as one story on the front with two-story columned galleries on the rear.</p><br>
<h2>Gardens</h2><br>
<p>Barbour&#39;s estate has been known for its unusually large and fine boxwood, which flourish on the grounds immediately surrounding the main house. A portion of the gardens were once surrounded by a serpentine wall similar to those designed by Thomas Jefferson for the gardens at the University of Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Listing on National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>Barboursville was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 12, 1969. Thomas Jeffersons role as architect and the fineness of the design, still visible as a ruin, were the prime factors in the propertys listing. It is included in the Madison-Barbour Rural Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The ruin is within the property owned by Barboursville Vineyards and can be viewed by visitors to the winery. On summer evenings, theatrical and musical productions are presented at the ruin.</p><br>
<p>First Church of Christ, Scientist is a Christian Science church, located at 2892 Dwight Way and Bowditch Street across the street from Peoples Park, in the South Berkeley neighborhood of Berkeley, in Alameda County, California.</p><br>
<p>The Christian Science Society, Berkeley, a slightly smaller version of First Church of Christ Scientist, Berkeley, continues to meet in the over-100-year-old church building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>"The First Church of Christ, Scientist, Berkeley held its first service in Wilkin&#39;s Hall, 2412 Haste Street, on Sunday, March 12, 1905, and its present membership— October, 1905—is forty-eight. A lot was bought (2892 Dwight Way) in June, and a church building will be erected later on."</p><br>
<p>The historic 1910 church was designed by renowned architect Bernard Ralph Maybeck (1862–1957), in a primarily American Craftsman style, with Byzantine Revival, Romanesque Revival, and Gothic Revival style elements. The church is widely considered one of Maybeck&#39;s masterpieces.</p><br>
<p>The basic plan is that of a square or Greek cross, with two pair of great crossed trusses spanning the central space overhead. In 1929 a Sunday School addition was added to the Church.</p><br>
<h3>Landmark</h3><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977, and is on the National Register of Historic Places in Alameda County, California.</p><br>
<p>In October 2005, the Friends were awarded a prestigious federal Save Americas Treasurers (SAT) Grant, for the roof replacement and seismic strengthening of the 1910 Church and much of the 1929 Sunday School addition. The church received a Getty Architectural Conservation Implementation Grant in 2006, to enable the completion of the seismic strengthening of the Church and Sunday School addition. In 2009 and 2010 the Friends received University of California Berkeley Chancellors Community Partnership Grants for restoring the garden setting of the church.</p><br>
<p>The Charles H. Burwell House is a historic house museum in Minnetonka, Minnesota, United States, built in 1883. Charles H. Burwell  was the secretary and manager of the Minnetonka Mills Company, the first mill west of Minneapolis, around which grew the first permanent Euro-American settlement in Hennepin County west of Minneapolis. This property on Minnehaha Creek, including the house and two outbuildings, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its Carpenter Gothic/Stick style architecture and association with Minnetonka&#39;s early milling history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles H. Burwell was born in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1838. He moved to Minnesota in 1874 after his first wife died. He married Mary Carey Durham in 1876, and the family took up residence in the Minnetonka Hotel until his house was built in 1883. Burwell took pride in his house, as shown by the number of photos he took and in the lack of exterior modifications through the years.</p><br>
<p>The Minnetonka Mills Company had a short but productive milling career. It produced 300 barrels of flour per day in 1881, but as milling companies in Minneapolis became more powerful, Minnetonka Mills was unable to compete, and it closed down in 1886. Burwell then commuted to Minneapolis where he served as a secretary to businessman and legislator Loren Fletcher. When he died in 1917, Burwell had considerable influence in the community.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The house is now operated by the Minnetonka Historical Society, with guided tours offered during the summer and around Christmas.</p><br>
<p>Butler Square  is a former warehouse and office building in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The building is located within the Minneapolis warehouse district and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. It is significant for its restrained Chicago School design by major Minneapolis architect Harry Wild Jones, and as a leading example of the older warehouse/office buildings in Minneapolis–Saint Paul. Jones designed other buildings in Minneapolis such as the Minneapolis Scottish Rite Temple, Calvary Baptist Church, the Lakewood Cemetery Chapel, and the Washburn Park Water Tower.</p><br>
<p>It was originally built as a warehouse for Butler Brothers, a mail-order firm. It had rather heavy construction in keeping with its function as a warehouse, featuring thick interior masonry walls with thin, recessed windows topped by corbelled parapets. The interior is built with heavy timber posts and beams, cut from Douglas fir grown near Aitkin, Minnesota. The columns are 24 in wide at the bottom level, gradually diminishing to 9 in wide on the top level. The basement included a horse stable, to accommodate deliveries, and the building had three large coal-fired boilers for heating. Mechanical elevators were used to move goods throughout the building. The building had a rail spur to facilitate boxcar loading. Gradually, as truck transportation became more competitive with rail transportation, the urban location of the building rendered it inefficient as a warehouse.</p><br>
<p>In 1972 real estate developer Charles Coyer purchased the building with plans to rebuild the east half of the building as an office-retail complex. As part of the renovation, a central atrium in the eastern half of the building was built to allow natural light into the building. This made the retail and office space more marketable, since the large floor space and small windows made it difficult to get enough natural light into the interior. James H. Binger purchased the building in 1979 with similar plans to develop the west half of the building. The atrium on western side was built with more of the heavy timber construction exposed, and more efficient mechanical systems were installed. The renovation of the building has served as a catalyst for additional development and preservation within the Minneapolis Warehouse District.</p><br>
<p>Poydras High School was a school located on Louisiana Highway 1 in the city of New Roads, Louisiana, United States. The building formerly housing the school now houses the local historical society.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The school came into existence, in the early 19th century, in the form of several public schools in the parish known as "Poydras Schools". They were so named for Julien Poydras, a local planter, statesman, literary figure, and philanthropist, who contributed financially to their creation. At the time, these were the only public schools in Louisiana. These early public schools have caused some academics to refer to Pointe Coupee Parish as "the cradle of Louisiana public education." In 1809, Governor Claiborne wrote "In the Parish of Pointe Coupee provisions have been made for the support of two or more schools, but the other parishes do not seem dissuaded to imitate so worthy an example". In 1811, these public "Poydras Schools" began receiving public funds. In 1829, Poydras founded the first endowed Louisiana college when he bequeathed money for the establishment of a school in New Roads. The school was called Poydras College, and was located three and a half miles south west of New Roads, along False River. In 1861, the song "Maryland, My Maryland" was written by James Ryder Randall, who was at the time employed as an English professor at Poydras College. The college closed in 1861 with the coming of the American Civil War. It reopened in 1873 as Poydras Academy, a Catholic girls&#39; school.</p><br>
<p>In 1923, due to financial issues, Poydras Academy was taken over by the Pointe Coupee Parish School Board. The school was renamed Poydras High School, and in 1924, a new building was constructed with funds bequeathed to the parish by Julien Poydras. This Poydras High School building is located at 460 W. Main Street, in downtown New Roads. It was a high school in the Pointe Coupee Parish Public School system until after the 1980–81 school year, when the high school was closed. This closure left Rosenwald High School as the only public high school located in New Roads, until it was converted to an elementary school in 1991. After being closed as a high school, the old high school building continued in use as home to Poydras Elementary School until the early 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The building is now the Julien Poydras Museum and Cultural Center, owned by the Pointe Coupée Historical Society. The old building houses office spaces as well as banquet rooms that are available to be rented. The front lawn includes the grave of Julien Poydras as well as a monument in his honor.</p><br>
<p>The Coalmont Bank Building, also known as Sewanee Fuel & Iron Company Building, is an historic building in Coalmont, Tennessee, United States, that now serves as the city hall and local library.</p><br>
<p>Coalmont was created as a company town in 1903, operated by the Sewanee Coal, Coke and Land Company, which reorganized in 1908 as the Sewanee Fuel and Iron Company. The company built the Coalmont Bank Building in 1921 to house both civic facilities and company offices. A bank and post office were located on the first floor and the company had its offices on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>Located on Tennessee State Route 56, the building was added to the National Register of Historical Places in 1991 as the Coalmont Bank Building.</p><br>
<p>The William Monroe Trotter House is a historic house at 97 Sawyer Avenue, atop Jones Hill in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston. It was the home of African-American journalist and civil rights activist William Monroe Trotter . He and his wife Geraldine Louise Pindell moved into the two-story wood frame home when they were married in June 1899. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its association with Trotter, whose activism was influential in the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Trotter House is a 2-1/2 story balloon-framed wooden structure, resting on a rubble granite foundation. It is set high on Jones Hill, where Trotter wrote that he could see "from the sitting room window all over the country as far as Blue Hill and from my bed-room window over all the bay down to... Deer Island." A single-story porch extends across the width of the main (southern) facade, with stairs on the left providing access to the entrance. The facade is two bays wide, with the front door in the left bay, and sash windows in the right bay and on the upper level. A pair of smaller gable windows occupy the center of the gable section.</p><br>
<p>The east side of the house has a projecting half-hexagonal bay in its northern extent. The left (west) side of the house is relatively plain, and extends further back than the east side, because of a two-story ell at the rear of the house. The interior stairwell on the left side is illuminated by a square window with colored panes.</p><br>
<p>The house was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 for its association with William Monroe Trotter. In 1977, the exterior and the grounds were designated a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission. It is not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>William Monroe Trotter</h2><br>
<p>William Monroe Trotter was born in Ohio. His father, James Monroe Trotter, was a veteran of the American Civil War, serving in the 55th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, and was an activist for African American participation in civil affairs. Trotter graduated high school at the top of an otherwise all-white class, and attended Harvard University, where he graduated in 1895 with honors and was the first African American elected a Phi Beta Kappa. He helped organize the "Boston Literary and Historical Association" in 1901, a forum for militant political thinkers, including W. E. B. Du Bois and Oswald Garrison Villard. The same year, he founded the Boston Guardian, a weekly newspaper in which he regularly criticized educator Booker T. Washington for his accommodationist policies. He was also a founder, along with Du Bois, of the Niagara Movement in 1905—a precursor of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He was an uncompromising voice in the fight for civil rights, but was notoriously difficult to work with, and played no role in the NAACP after its founding.</p><br>
<p>Trotter purchased 97 Sawyer Avenue in 1899, and moved in with his wife Geraldine. His dedication to the cause of civil rights drained his finances, however, and he eventually lost not just investment properties, but his home as well. After a high-profile meeting with President Woodrow Wilson in 1913 drew news coverage for the heated exchanges between the two men, Trotter became an increasingly marginalized voice of protest, and died in 1934.</p><br>
<p>The Frank B. Kellogg House is a historic house at 633 Fairmount Avenue in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. It is listed as a National Historic Landmark for its association with Nobel Peace Prize-winner Frank B. Kellogg, co-author of the Kellogg–Briand Pact. Kellogg Boulevard in downtown Saint Paul is also named for him. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976. It is also a contributing property to the Historic Hill District.</p><br>
<p>The house is a large 2-1/2 story structure, built mostly out of a variety of stone, including granite, sandstone, and brownstone. The original rectangular block was designed by William H. Willcox and completed in 1890, and exhibits a blend of Queen Anne and Romanesque styling. In 1923 Kellogg added a large addition, designed by Allen H. Stem was constructed on the north-east side of the house, reorienting the front from Fairmount Avenue to Dale Street. This addition was called the "Coolidge Wing", although it is not clear whether it was built before or after President Calvin Coolidge visited Kellogg here in 1923. The house is one of two surviving structures closely associated with Kellogg; the other is in Washington, DC.</p><br>
<p>From 1889 until his death, this was the permanent residence of Frank B. Kellogg (1856-1937), lawyer, USA Senator, and diplomat. As Secretary of State from 1925–29, he negotiated the 1928 Kellogg–Briand Pact—for which he received the Nobel Peace Prize—and shifted foreign policy away from interventionism.</p><br>
<p>The F. Scott Fitzgerald House, also known as Summit Terrace, in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States, is part of a rowhouse designed by William H. Willcox and Clarence H. Johnston, Sr. The house, at 599 Summit Avenue, is listed as a National Historic Landmark for its association with author F. Scott Fitzgerald. The design of the rowhouse was called the "New York Style", where each unit was given a distinctive character similar to rowhouses in eastern cities. Architecture critic Larry Millett describes it as "A brownstone row house that leaves no Victorian style unaccounted for, although the general flavor is Romanesque Revival." The Fitzgerald house is a brownstone two bays wide, with a polygonal two-story window bay on the right, and the entrance, recessed under a round arch that is flush with the bay front, on the left. At the mansarded roof level there is a gable with two round-arch windows and decorative finials.</p><br>
<p>Fitzgerald&#39;s parents, Edward and Mollie, moved back to St. Paul in 1914 while F. Scott Fitzgerald was a student at Princeton University. They lived in the unit at 593 Summit Avenue for a while, then moved to the 599 Summit Avenue unit in 1918. In July and August 1919, Fitzgerald rewrote the manuscript that became his first novel, This Side of Paradise. He lived here until January 1920, writing short stories, and then moved to New Orleans. Of the several places the Fitzgeralds lived, this one is most closely associated with his literary fame, and typifies the environments of some of his later works.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971. It is also a contributing property to the Historic Hill District, listed in 1976.</p><br>
<p>F. Scott Fitzgerald was noted for disliking Summit Avenue, stating that Summit Avenue is “a mausoleum of American architectural monstrosities.”</p><br>
<p>The Hay River is a river in the Great Southern region of Western Australia. The traditional owners of the area are the Noongar people who know the river as Genulup.</p><br>
<p>The river was named in December 1829 by naval ship&#39;s surgeon Thomas Braidwood Wilson after Sir Robert William Hay, Permanent Under-secretary of State for the Colonies from 1825 to 1836. Wilson discovered the river while exploring the area in company with the native Mokare, John Kent (officer in charge of the Commissariat at King George Sound), two convicts and Private William Gough of the 39th Regiment, while his ship the Governor Phillips was being repaired at King George Sound.</p><br>
<p>The Hay River is part of the Denmark Catchment, which comprises Wilson Inlet, Torbay Inlet and Lake Powell, together with the catchments of the Denmark, Hay and Sleeman-Cuppup Rivers and their tributaries.</p><br>
<p>The river rises west of Mount Barker near Wilpuna Park and flows south east as far as Ungerup then flows in a south-south-westerly direction through the Mount Lindesay National Park then crossing the South Coast Highway and discharging into Wilson Inlet.</p><br>
<p>The tidal influence is 5 km upstream from where the river flows into the inlet. The Hay River flows all year and the water quality is marginally saline to brackish. It is estimated that 70% of the catchment area has been cleared for agricultural purposes but 42% of the riparian zone was pristine.</p><br>
<p>Tributaries of the river include Sleeman Creek and Mitchell River.</p><br>
<p>Victoria Mansion, also known as the Morse-Libby House or Morse-Libby Mansion, is a landmark example of American residential architecture located in downtown Portland, Maine, United States.</p><br>
<h2>House</h2><br>
<p>This stately brownstone Italianate villa was completed in 1860 as a summer home for hotelier Ruggles Sylvester Morse. The house was designed by the New Haven architect Henry Austin. Its distinctive asymmetric form includes a four-story tower, overhanging eaves, verandas, and ornate windows. The frescoes and trompe l’oeil wall decorations were created by the artist and decorator Giuseppe Guidicini.</p><br>
<p>The building is recognized as one of the finest, and least-altered examples of a large Italianate brick/brownstone home in the United States. Gustave Herter created the interiors in a range of styles, and this house is his earliest known and only intact commission. Due to donations by the Libby family, 97 percent of the original contents survive, including Herter furniture, elaborate wall paintings, artworks, carpets, gas lighting fixtures, stained glass, porcelain, silver, and glassware. When designing the home, Morse had features incorporated into it which were familiar to him from his luxury hotels, including the large and tall entryway and wall-to-wall carpeting. The house was remarkably advanced as well, and used some of the latest technologies of the era (some of which he also took from his hotels) with central heating, gas lighting, hot and cold running water, and a servant call system to name a few. Additionally, as part of a new and unique design, the water for the house was provided by gutters in the tower and third floor, which ran down through pipes into all the rooms, with separate pipes for heated water, which was heated using coal, and another for cold water.</p><br>
<p>Ruggles Morse lived in the house until his death in 1893. A year later, the house and its contents were sold by his wife to Joseph Ralph Libby, a Portland merchant and department store owner. The Libby family occupied the house for over thirty more years up until 1928, without making significant changes to it. However, one significant change made was the repainting of the green room in white, which restorationists were unable restore once it became a museum.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The last of the Libbys moved out of the home in 1928. Due in part from the Great Depression a year later, the home was repossessed In 1939 due to back taxes soon after the 1938 Portland flood. After this, the house became abandoned and its fate was uncertain as there were plans by an oil company to buy the dilapidated home, and then demolish it to build a gas station. However, it was saved by William H. Holmes who bought the house in order to preserve it as a museum. In 1941, Holmes opened the house as the Victoria Mansion, (named for Britain’s Queen Victoria), later being added to the national historic register, and continues to be open as a museum every day from 10am-3:45pm.</p><br>
<p>The Gridley Building, built in 1867 and known previously as the Onondaga County Savings Bank Building, is a prominent historic building on Clinton Square and Hanover Square in Syracuse, New York. It was designed by Horatio Nelson White and was built adjacent to what was then the Erie Canal and is now Erie Boulevard.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed by Horatio Nelson White (1814-1892) in the Second Empire style and completed in 1867. It was built of limestone quarried on Onondaga Nation territory and then finished in a stone yard where the Dey Brother&#39;s previously resided.</p><br>
<p>The address of the Gridley Building is 101 S. Salina Street, according to the 1970 National Register of Historic Places nomination form. Five years later, the Hanover Square Historic District nomination listed its address as 101 East Water Street.</p><br>
<p>The Syracuse Savings Bank Building is located directly across Erie Boulevard.</p><br>
<p>Syracuse Savings Bank Building, also known as Bank of America building, is a historic building in Syracuse, New York designed by Joseph Lyman Silsbee, then aged 26.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1875 adjacent to the Erie Canal, and, at 170 feet tall, was the tallest building in Syracuse. It opened in 1876 as Syracuse Savings Bank. Its passenger elevator, the first in Syracuse, was a curiosity that drew visitors.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building&#39;s current principal tenant, in the first four floors, is Bank of America. It was bought in 2007 by a limited liability corporation having four local principals for $1.75 million.</p><br>
<p>It is located at 102 N. Salina Street, across Erie Boulevard from the Gridley Building.</p><br>
<p>Monolithos  is a Greek village on the island of Rhodes, South Aegean region, belonging to the municipal unit of Attavyros. It is located 10 km south-east of Apolakkia and 30 km from Prasonisi.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Outside the village is the medieval Castle, built on top of a 100m rock. This castle was built in 1480 by the Knights of Saint John to protect the island from attacks. In fact, this castle was never conquered. The Castle of Monolithos is widely ruined today but it offers great views of the sea and the two islets opposite to it. Inside the Castle, there is a small working chapel dedicated to Agios Panteleimon (Saint Pantaleon). Access to the castle is by a staircase cut into the rock. The steps, whilst not particularly steep, are quite slippery simply due to the numbers of visitors wearing them away. On the climb up to the top, you are likely to see hundreds, if not thousands, of small piles of rocks from 3-10 in number. These piles are left there by the visitors as a form of a memento.</p><br>
<p>The Forks of Cypress was a cotton plantation and Greek Revival plantation house near Florence in Lauderdale County, Alabama. It was designed by architect William Nichols for James Jackson and his wife, Sally Moore Jackson. Construction was completed in 1830. It was the only Greek Revival house in Alabama to feature a two-story colonnade around the entire house, composed of twenty-four Ionic columns. The name was derived from the fact that Big Cypress Creek and Little Cypress Creek border the plantation and converge near the site of the main house. Although the main house was destroyed by fire in 1966, the site was placed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on April 14, 1992 and the National Register of Historic Places on October 10, 1997. The site is the property of the State of Alabama; a local board has oversight.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>James Jackson was born October 25, 1782, in Ballybay, County Monaghan, Ireland. Jackson moved to Alabama from Nashville, Tennessee, in 1818. From 1822 on, he was active in state politics and served in both houses of the Alabama Legislature. In 1830, Jackson was named president of the Alabama Senate.</p><br>
<p>In the 1820s and 30s, James Jackson, an avid horseman, imported a dozen or more English thoroughbreds for breeding his own horses and in an effort to improve the overall bloodstock of the American thoroughbred. He was eminently successful in the effort particularly with three of his imports, Leviathan in 1830, Gallopade in 1835 and Glencoe in 1836. American turf historian John Hervey rates James Jackson as "the most successful importer in the history of the American thoroughbred". James Jackson died on August 17, 1840 and was buried in the family cemetery, near the plantation house. His widow was the executor of his will and, on October 9, 1840, made bond in the amount of $400,000. The will of James Jackson, recorded September 15, 1840 at the Lauderdale County Court House, directed his nephew Thomas Kirkman to manage a trust which would control and gradually sell off the racehorses, a duty Kirkman completed in 1848, with the sale of Glencoe.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War invading Union forces used the lands of the Forks as a base camp. At this time, the farm was owned by James widow, Sarah Jackson. Additionally, some of writer Alex Haleys ancestors were slaves on this plantation, which provides a setting for much of his book, Queen: The Story of an American Family. Hugh Scott owned The Forks of Cypress in 1935 and by the 1940s sold the plantation to Rufus B. Dowdy (1897-1980), who restored the house and grounds. On June 6, 1966, the plantation house was struck by lightning and burned to the ground. It was never rebuilt, but the Dowdy family carefully preserved the brick pillars, still standing in picturesque ruin, as well as the original log house, several outbuildings and the Jackson family cemetery. As of June 2017, twenty-three of the original twenty-four brick pillars remain standing.</p><br>
<p>A near replica of the main house was built in 1983 in downtown Florence, Alabama at 321 N. Seminary Street and is 5 miles away from the original site. The replica serves as a Regions Bank branch.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the Regions Bank replica, another replica of The Forks of Cypress was built in 2005. It is located near the Historic Natchez Trace Parkway in western Lauderdale County, Alabama approximately 16 miles west of Florence. This building is a private residence and it is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Awatovi Ruins is a National Historic Landmark in Hopi Reservation, Arizona, United States, designated in 1964. In 1540, Coronado&#39;s men visited this village. What remains are the ruins of a five-hundred-year-old pueblo. There are also ruins from a Spanish mission built in the 17th century. It is within the bounds of the Hopi Indian Reservation.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s, Hopi artist Fred Kabotie was commissioned by the Peabody Museum to reproduce the prehistoric murals found during the excavation of the Awatovi Ruins.</p><br>
<h2>Pre-European History</h2><br>
<p>Awatovi was founded sometime after 1300, according to ceramics recovered from the archaeological excavations of Awatovi. It quickly grew to be the largest and most important village within the Hopi area. It housed members of the Bow Clan and was the largest of the villages on Antelope Mesa. There is some archaeological evidence to suggest that while modern Hopis claim ancestry with the Jeddito Phase sites, including Awatovi, these Jeddito villages may not have been Hopi.</p><br>
<h2>European Contact</h2><br>
<p>Awatovi was the first of the Hopi villages to be visited and conquered by the Spanish. In the early 16th century AD, Awatovi was one of the largest and most important of the villages. It had already been in existence for about 450 years. The first European visitor, in 1540, was Pedro de Tovar, dispatched by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado to the Hopi villages a week after the capture of Hawikuh. A skirmish occurred when de Tovar arrived, but the inhabitants quickly sued for peace and offered presents of cloth, skins, turquoise, and maize. The five remaining Hopi pueblos then offered fealty to the King of Spain.</p><br>
<p>The Spanish did not visit Hopi again until 1583, when the Antonio de Espejo expedition spent several days at the Hopi villages before turning southwest to the Verde Valley. Juan de Oñate, in 1598, found the Hopis ready to capitulate formally to the King of Spain. Oñate visited the pueblos again in 1605, and Captain Gerónimo Marquez in 1614, but not until 1629 did the Spanish make any substantial missionary effort among the Hopis.</p><br>
<p>During the Pueblo Revolt, the Hopis razed the church at Awatovi and killed the priests operating at the other Hopi villages. The Hopis expected reprisals for participating in the 1680 rebellion, but none came. When Diego de Vargas, the reconqueror, arrived in 1692, the Hopis apparently reswore their allegiance to Spain, and he departed without incident. Not long afterward, the Spaniards rebuilt the mission of San Bernardo de Aguatubi.</p><br>
<p>In 1700, tensions began to grow in the pueblo of Awatovi between the converted Hopis and traditionalists. By the end of 1700, the extreme hostility of most Hopis to Christian converts at Awatovi led to the destruction of the pueblo. The attackers killed all the men at Awatovi, and scattered the women and children among the other villages. The site was never reoccupied.</p><br>
<h2>History after Abandonment</h2><br>
<p>Important early work at Awatovi was reported by Jesse Walter Fewkes in 1893-5. Extensive archeological excavations were conducted at Awatovi by J. O. Brew of the Peabody Museum in the 1930s. Brew&#39;s extensive artifact collections and archives are held at the Peabody Museum. Most of his excavations have been backfilled.</p><br>
<p>Shadows-on-the-Teche is a 3,750 ft&sup2; historic house and garden located in New Iberia, Louisiana, United States. Built in 1834 for sugarcane planter David Weeks and his wife Mary Conrad Weeks, the National Historic Landmark is currently owned and operated by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<h2>House and grounds</h2><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>Sited 20 feet above the banks of the Bayou Teche, the construction of Shadows-on-the-Teche, a two-and-a-half-story, sixteen room house, coincided with the apogee of the Greek Revival style in United States architecture. When following this style, builders minimized the installation of superfluous decorative elements such as cornices, moldings, and trim. Decorations were severely limited and were designed to blend into and set off the building&#39;s handmade red brick construction. The seven bay entrance facade is located on the south front and is made up of eight full-height Tuscan columns of white-plastered brick standing on high square bases, that support a second-floor gallery or veranda, and topped by a Doric frieze. An exterior staircase is located on the left side of the front gallery that is hidden behind green painted louvered panels that are found on each side of the gallery. Three pedimented dormers are found on the gabled roof, that is pierced with two symmetrical brick chimneys on the ridge line that flank the central dormer.</p><br>
<p>The north facing rear facade features a central, two level open loggia that is enclosed on three sides by the house, flanked with double fenestrations on each level. The loggia is accessed on the ground floor by triple brick archways, where to the left, a narrow staircase leads to the second level with double white columns helping to support the frieze at the top of the house, and enclosed by a banister. Three pedimented dormers are found on the roof identical to the front.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The house has a traditional Creole plan on both floors, with three rooms across the front and two rear rooms flanking the loggia. On the first floor, the dining room, with a black and white checkered marble floor, occupies the center of the house. To the right of the dining room is an art studio, and to the left is a pantry/service work area that was used later as a kitchen. None of the ground floor rooms are accessed by interior hallways, and must be entered via the front gallery or the loggia in the rear. On the second floor an ornate parlor is centered in the middle and is flanked by the master bedroom on the left, with adjacent sitting room and secondary bedrooms on the right. The interior walls are covered with wallpaper, while the cypress doors were painted to simulate oak and the fireplaces were finished to appear like marble.</p><br>
<h3>Grounds</h3><br>
<p>The grounds were laid out by Shadows-on-the-Teche&#39;s last private owner, William Weeks Hall, who established gardens formed by boxwood hedges and aspidistra walks, that included live oaks, bamboo, camellias, azaleas, and other plantings. At the northeast corner of the house is located an underground brick cistern, 6 feet deep and 11 feet wide, with a 3-foot-high domed top and a capacity of over 4,000 gallons. To the north, between the house and the bayou, is a summer house built in 1928, as a focal point to the gardens, designed to mimic the arches on the rear facade of the house. Elsewhere on the grounds is the Weeks family cemetery that contains the remains of four generations of the family, with the last burial for William Weeks Hall who died in 1958.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>1834 &ndash; 1922</h3><br>
<p>David and Mary Weeks were wealthy growers of sugar cane; they owned four plantations totaling approximately 3,000 acre of Acadiana land. Shadows-on-the-Teche was built on a tract of 158 acres on the edge of one of Weeks&#39; plantations in the parish seat of Iberia Parish. As a town house, Shadows-on-the-Teche was designed for social life and entertainment. It is said that, at the time of its construction, Shadows-on-the-Teche was only the third brick house to be built on Bayou Teche.</p><br>
<p>The Weeks family began to suffer from a series of family tragedies almost at once after the completion of the house. Planter David Weeks, who became chronically ill while Shadows-on-the-Teche was being built, died in August 1834 in New England while seeking medical attention. Mary Weeks remarried lawyer John Moore but kept her childrens property separate from that of her second husband, as she was allowed to do under Louisiana law. This property included the 164 slaves bequeathed to their children under the terms of her first husbands will.</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Frances Weeks (Magill) Pruett and her children Mary Ida Magill and Augustine Magill were vacationing at Last Island, Louisiana where they died in the 1856 Last Island hurricane disaster. The children were buried on the grounds.</p><br>
<p>The Shadows-on-the-Teche household was economically and physically dependent on Louisiana slavery. Mary Weeks and John Moore strongly supported slavery and supported the political changes which they thought were necessary to save it; in 1861, Moore was a delegate to the convention in which Louisiana seceded from the Union. This political status and viewpoint made the household vulnerable during the Civil War. Federal troops requisitioned occupancy of the property, and officers of the occupying army quartered themselves in it. Mary Weeks died in December 1863 in Shadows-on-the-Teche while part of the house was being used by Union troops as officers&#39; quarters.</p><br>
<p>The house was inherited by David and Mary Weeks&#39; eldest son, William F. Weeks, who partly restored the family fortunes during Reconstruction. However after his death in 1895, the property was passed to his daughters Lily and Harriet, who were compelled to sell off much of the land surrounding the house to meet their living expenses, reducing the grounds from 158 acres to 2 1/2 acres.</p><br>
<h3>1922 &ndash; present day</h3><br>
<p>Lilys only child, William Weeks Hall, moved into the Shadows-on-the-Teche in 1922, after he bought out his aunts partial ownership in the property, and lived there until his death in 1958. An accomplished artist and strongly preservation-minded individual, Hall sorted and donated the voluminous archive of family papers that he found in the house, and entertained many notable people of the age including Henry Miller, Lyle Saxon, Cecil B. DeMille, Emily Post, and Walt Disney. At the end of his life, Hall donated the house and garden to the National Trust for Historic Preservation, which has owned and operated it to the present.</p><br>
<p>Shadows-on-the-Teche was named a National Historic Landmark on May 30, 1974, and is visited by over 25,000 people annually.</p><br>
<p>The Kehlstein is, at an elevation of 1,881 m, a subpeak of the Göll massif, a 2,522 m mountain in the Berchtesgaden Alps. The rocky promontory is located west of the Hoher Göll main summit, high above the Obersalzberg mountain retreat near Berchtesgaden. It is chiefly known for the Kehlsteinhaus  mountain inn built in 1937–1938, which is a major tourist destination.</p><br>
<p>While other parts of the restricted Obersalzberg area around the former Berghof headquarters were turned into a US Armed Forces Recreation Center, the Kehlstein peak was made accessible to the public already in 1952. The motor road up to the Kehlsteinhaus, running 6.5 km uphill through several tunnels, was closed for traffic; nevertheless, DB Regio bus service is provided in summer. From the upper turning place, a steep footpath leads to the restaurant. Guests may also use the 124 m Kehlsteinlift elevator running through the rocks directly to the reception area.</p><br>
<p>The Kehlstein spur offers a panoramic view over the Berchtesgaden Alps, including the Hoher Göll, Watzmann, Hochkalter and Untersberg peaks, as well as to the Königssee lake and to the city of Salzburg. From here a mountaineering trail leads up to the Mannlgrat, an east-facing ridge of the Hoher Göll. Served by a grade B Klettersteig, this route is regarded as the easiest to the main peak&#39;s summit. Near the Kehlsteinhaus is a small botanical garden containing a variety of Alpine flora.</p><br>
<p>The Desert Laboratory at 1675 West Anklam Road, Tucson, Arizona was founded by the Carnegie Institution in 1903 to study how plants survive and thrive in the heat and aridity of deserts. Beginning in 1906, numerous long term ecological observation areas were set up by Volney Spalding & Forrest Shreve on the 860 acre scientific domain of Tumamoc Hill. Nine of these are the world&#39;s oldest permanent ecology study quadrats. The facility and staff were key contributors to what is now considered the science of ecology, including participating in the creation of the Ecological Society of America in 1915 and the Ecology journal. Led by Spalding & Shreve, they also contributed innovations in conservation.</p><br>
<p>Part of it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. The rest was added in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Acting on the authority of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Frederick Vernon Coville Botanist of the USDA and Daniel T. McDougal of the New York Botanical Garden chose Tumamoc Hill as the location of the Desert Laboratory in February, 1903. It opened in October of that year.</p><br>
<p>It is now operated by Tumamoc: People & Habitats, part of The University of Arizona&#39;s College of Science.</p><br>
<h2>Directors</h2><br>
<p>Its current director is Michael Rosenzweig</p><br>
<h2>Walking up Tumamoc's Road</h2><br>
<p>The public is welcome to walk up almost to the top of Tumamoc Hill except not from 7:30 AM to 5:30 PM, Mon-Fri. Walkers must stay on the road. Bicycles and pets are not allowed. And the very top of the Hill is an archaeological site where there is no unsupervised entry. Vehicular traffic restricted to authorized persons.</p><br>
<p>The Double Adobe Site is an archaeological site in southern Arizona, twelve miles northwest of Douglas in the Whitewater Draw area. In October 1926, just three months after the first human artifact was uncovered at the Folsom Site, Byron Cummings, first Head of the Archaeology Department at the University of Arizona, led four students to Whitewater Draw. Discovered by a schoolboy, the Double Adobe site contained the skull of a mammoth overlying a sand layer containing stone artifacts. One of these students was Emil Haury.</p><br>
<p>Later investigators found that the bones and artifacts were mixed by redeposited stream sediments, confusing the early interpretations. Fossil bones of mammoth, horse, bison, antelope, coyote and dire wolf were found associated with the artifacts, which included fire-cracked rock, projectile points, and small grinding stones.</p><br>
<p>The presence of grinding stones has been interpreted to mean that people were beginning to adapt to the changes brought by the end of the Ice Age and the extinction of many of the large mammals. The coming of the Holocene Era (10,000 years Before Present) brought warmer and drier conditions to the Southwest. As a result, by 11,000-10,500 BP the Clovis culture was beginning to give way to more regional variants, which are generally called the Archaic cultures.</p><br>
<p>E. B. Sayles and E. Antevs 1941 definition of the Cochise culture (the name given to the southern Archaic tradition in the Southwest) was based upon excavations undertaken within the Double Adobe district. Many of the Southwests most respected archaeologists have led investigations in the region over the years. Double Adobe has yielded important information on southern Arizonas prehistoric climate, ecology, and animal life.</p><br>
<p>The Double Adobe Site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<p>Kinishba Ruins is a 600-room Mogollon great house archaeological site in eastern Arizona and is administered by the White Mountain Apache Tribe. It is located on the present-day Fort Apache Indian Reservation, in the Apache community of Canyon Day. As it demonstrates a combination of both Mogollon and Ancestral Puebloan cultural traits, archaeologists consider it part of the historical lineage of both the Hopi and Zuni cultures. It is designated as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Kinishba is 5,000 ft above a pine-fringed alluvial valley, west of Fort Apache, in the White Mountain Apache Tribal community of Canyon Day. Long known to the Apache people of the region and alleged to have been visited by Conquistadors, the site was first written about in English in 1892, when pioneering archaeologist Adolph Bandelier described the ruins. In 1964, the NPS designated the site as a National Historic Landmark. It had long been abandoned and fallen into disrepair. The ruins received limited cleanup and restoration in 2005-2007.</p><br>
<p>Scholars believe that Kinishba may have been the pueblo Chiciticale referred to in narratives of the 1540–41 Spanish expedition led by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>From 1931 to 1940, the archaeologist Dr. Byron Cummings, Director of the Arizona State Museum (and head of the Department of Archeology at the University of Arizona), led a team of archaeology students and local Apache field assistants over several seasons to excavate and restore Kinishba. He named the site, ki datbaa, derived from the Apache words meaning "brown house."</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Kinishba</h3><br>
<p>Kinishba is about 5,000 ft above sea level, south of the Mogollon Rim and north of the Salt River. It is at the eastern foot of Tsé Sizin (“Rock Standing Up” or Sawtooth Mountain), on White Mountain Apache trust lands associated with the Fort Apache Indian Reservation. The ruins are located in a valley that slopes to the right bank of the White River. The site is easily accessible in comparison to the other 20 or so large (150 or more rooms) Ancestral Pueblo village ruins in the Fort Apache area. Estimates suggest the ruins were built and occupied from the 12th to 14th centuries as part of the ancient population boom within the Mogollon Rim region and beyond. Centralized in the lush mountains of the Mt. Baldy watershed, the area has been linked to both Mogollon and Anazazi cultures. They were considered part of the western Pueblo complex.</p><br>
<p>The Kinishba pueblo is composed of nine major building mounds, the remains of masonry room blocks, some of which were originally three stories tall. There were two large apartment blocks, and several smaller buildings, with two communal courtyards. At its peak, Kinishba may have housed up to 1,000 to 1,500 people. The masonry walls are unique for their double-walled construction: one side is faced and the other made of rubble. The rooms averaged 14 by, with a firepit in the center. Scholars believe that most families occupied two rooms, one for living quarters and one for storage.</p><br>
<p>In the smaller courtyard was a kiva, a room built underground for religious ceremonies. The larger courtyard revealed evidence of three ceremonial stages. It is 63 by. In the first stage, of the late 12th century or early 13th century, five underground rooms, each the size of the kiva, were built; they had earthen rather than masonry walls. About the middle of the 13th century, these rooms were filled in. Juniper posts were set into the ground to support beams and a roof, making a large, above-ground room of the courtyard. Later the roof burned, and researchers found no evidence that it was replaced. Ceremonies were moved to other rooms of the pueblo.</p><br>
<h3>Construction and habitation in the Fort Apache region</h3><br>
<p>The largest 13th- and 14th-century ruins along the Mogollon Rim all share architectural elements, ceramic assemblages, and similar locational characteristics. They are proximate to expanses of land suitable for dry maize farming, and they have ready access to domestic water, tabular sandstone or limestone, and ponderosa pine.</p><br>
<p>All of these large villages were built up from apartment-style room blocks, laid out to define communal courtyards or plazas.</p><br>
<p>The resident people cultivated corn, beans and gourds nearby, which were raised together to conserve moisture. They may have raised cotton as well, and gathered fruits, berries, nuts and other foods locally. The White Mountains region served as plentiful resource that allowed for hunting and gathering of food. The women processed the meat for food, and the skin, sinew and bones for clothing, tools, and other needs.</p><br>
<p>Kinishba and her sister villages were abandoned by the Mogollon people in the late 14th or early 15th century for unknown reasons. It may have been related to a water source drying up. The area saw little human interaction until the arrival of the nomadic culture of the Apache from the western Great Plains. The ruins were not used by the Apache.</p><br>
<h2>Archeological excavation</h2><br>
<p>Over the years, the site was pulled apart by pot hunters and soldiers from Fort Apache seeking souvenirs. In 1892 Adolph Bandelier, a pioneering archaeologist, was the first European to write about the site, and other archeologists visited it.</p><br>
<p>From 1931 into the 1940s, Byron Cummings of the University of Arizona led a team of students and a varying workforce of 10 to 27 White Mountain Apache to excavate and restore the site. Cummings named the site, derived from the Apache words: ki datbaa, meaning "brown house." He created a university field school at the camp of the site, which had seasons from 1931 to 1939. He used a variety of funding means, including his broad network of supporters and the Civilian Conservation Corps and Bureau of Indian Affairs (which administered the Fort Apache Agency), to pay for workers and materials. Chester Holden, David Kane, and Turner Thompson were Apache men who spent at least five seasons at the site and became strongly attached to the preservation project.</p><br>
<p>In addition, the teams built a small museum and tourist site in 1939 to hold artifacts and interpret the site. Built during the Great Depression, the museum was intended also as a place for the Apache to sell their contemporary arts and crafts, and to provide continuing employment for tribal members. Cummings was a scholar-entrepreneur, who "combined archaeological research and training; intertribal and interagency collaboration; historic preservation; and museum, community, and tourism enterprise development" in the first project of its kind in Arizona." With his teams, Cummings "excavated at least 220 rooms," and "rebuilt about 140." He enhanced what today is called a heritage tourism destination.</p><br>
<p>Cummings believed that the site was so important that it should be designated by the Department of the Interior as a National Monument and added to properties managed by the National Park Service. The agency gave preference to more accessible sites, given the needs of the Great Depression quickly followed by World War II. Cummings did not succeed in having the NPS take over the site.</p><br>
<p>In 1956 the Department of the Interior published a pamphlet on the site, referring to the "Kinishba Ruins and Museum". The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964 by the Department of the Interior and added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Since then, the ruins have not been maintained and have deteriorated, as did the museum. A partial restoration was done in 2005-2007 to stabilize much of the site. The complex is administered by the White Mountain Apache Tribe and the Fort Apache Heritage Foundation as a "satellite" element of the Fort Apache Historic Park. The White Mountain Apache require visitors to obtain a permit to visit the Kinishba Ruins site.</p><br>
<p>The White Mountain Apache have built their own museum at the Fort Apache Historic Park, based on their traditional style of a gowa, or home. It is called Nohwike’ Bágowa (House of Our Footprints), or the White Mountain Apache Culture Center and Museum. The park includes a 288 acre National Historic District, with 27 buildings dating from the US Army&#39;s use of the fort during the Apache Wars. The reservation has standing structures ranging in age from ancient to contemporary times. The tribe has provided explanations of the history of the Mogollon Rim Pueblo, as well as the historic and contemporary White Mountain Apache.</p><br>
<p>Grand Canyon Depot, also known as Grand Canyon Railroad Station, was constructed in 1909-10 for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway at the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, in what is now Grand Canyon National Park. It is one of three remaining railroad depots in the United States built with logs as the primary structure material. The station is within 100 m of the rim of the canyon, opposite the El Tovar Hotel, also built by the railroad. The depot is designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Santa Fe Railway obtained the rights to develop the South Rim of the Grand Canyon as a destination resort at the beginning of the twentieth century, before the area had been designated a national park. As an outpost on the edge of the wilderness, the railroad designed a fittingly rustic structure for its Grand Canyon terminus, presaging the later use by the National Park Service of the National Park Service Rustic style for park structures in the surrounding Grand Canyon Village Historic District. It was the railway&#39;s goal to develop the Grand Canyon branch line to feed passengers into its system, stimulating rail traffic. The result was the only railroad line to a destination within a national park. The original developer of the line to the Grand Canyon was the Santa Fe and Grand Canyon Railroad, established in 1897 to serve a copper mine. This venture failed, with the tracks eight miles short of the Grand Canyon. The Grand Canyon Railway, a subsidiary of the Santa Fe, bought the project and completed tracks to the South Rim in 1901, and developed a rail yard at the terminus with a small frame terminal building. The El Tovar Hotel was completed in 1905, and it became apparent that a more suitable terminus was needed to complement the destination hotel experience.</p><br>
<p>The terminal location was moved to the east, away from the older Bright Angel Hotel, to a location directly opposite the El Tovar. AT&SF architect Francis W. Wilson was assigned to design the new station, following his work on remodeling the Bright Angel Hotel. Wilson designed the only log structure of his career, using materials that echoed and complemented the El Tovar across the street, only with superior attention to construction and detail. The station&#39;s first career as a passenger depot ended in 1968. The property was acquired by the National Park Service in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon Depot is a 2-1/2 story wood structure of about 3,000 ft&sup2, built primarily of logs with frame construction for the second floor. The main facade faces south, away from the canyon. The log structure is primarily a one-story building with a broad, moderately-pitched gable roof with the ridge running on the long axis, parallel to the train tracks. The frame second story occupies the center third of the building, of frame construction sheathed with flush planking framed by vertical log posts. This central portion is covered with another broad gabled roof at right angles to the main roof. The second story overhangs the first, supported by heavy vertical log posts, and the attic in the deeply gable overhangs the second story, supported by log brackets. An extension of the main roof to the west at a slightly lower elevation shelters a large two-bay porch, supported on vertical log posts. A small one-story bay projects slightly from the central block.</p><br>
<p>The interior comprises four main rooms, from west to east a ticket office-waiting room, an agents office, a parcel storage room and a baggage room. Mens and women&#39;s restrooms are between these rooms and the platform. Interior walls are plastered, with log-slab wainscoting. A small apartment for the station agent is upstairs, with a living room, kitchen, bathroom and two bedrooms. Much of the original hardware is present, stamped "GC."</p><br>
<h2>Historical designations</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon Depot was declared a National Historic Landmark on May 28, 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon Lodge is a hotel and cabins complex at Bright Angel Point on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon. It was designed by Gilbert Stanley Underwood, who designed a number of other hotels in national parks for the Utah Parks Company and other concessioners. Built in 1927-28, the Grand Canyon Lodge resort complex consists of the Main Lodge building, 23 deluxe cabins, and 91 standard cabins, some of which were moved to the north rim campground in 1940. All guests are housed in cabins detached from the main lodge, which serves as a dining, concessions and service facility. Constructed of native Kaibab limestone and timber, the complex was designed to harmonize with its rocky and forested setting. The Grand Canyon Lodge complex is notable for its setting and rustic design, as well as its status as the only complete surviving lodge and cabin complex in the national parks.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The new hotel complex on the North Rim was built in 1927-28 by the Utah Parks Company, a subsidiary of the Union Pacific Railroad, which operated similar concessions in Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks. Until then, most of the concession activity on the North Rim was at the camp run by W.W. Wylie, a concessioner more closely associated with Yellowstone National Park, who operated the tent camp that eventually became the Grand Canyon Inn and Campground after it was taken over by the Utah Parks Company.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon Lodge initially consisted of the Main Lodge building, 20 deluxe cabins, and 100 standard cabins. 20 additional cabins were constructed in 1928. The lodge and many of the cabins were built in the fall and winter of 1927-28, in a region known for its severe winter weather. Cabin construction continued through the summer of 1928. A 1932 fire that began in the lodges basement destroyed much of the main lodge and two cabins. The lodge was rebuilt in 1936-37 to a modified design, that re-used much of the original stonework, but which was otherwise scaled back, lacking the originals second story and observation tower. Underwood increased the amount of stonework and modified the roofline in response to the original lodge&#39;s experience of heavy snowfall. Debate continues over the role Underwood played, if any, in the rebuilt Grand Canyon Lodge, as he was by then working for the Federal government, and his signature is not apparent on the reconstruction drawings.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Gilbert Stanley Underwood was employed by the Union Pacific Railroad to design resort hotels at Zion, Bryce Canyon, Yosemite, and Grand Canyon. Underwood purposefully designed the stonework to appear like natural rock outcroppings. The main lodge building is set slightly downhill into the side of the canyon and is the complex&#39;s central feature. The structure of both the original and rebuilt lodges is a mixture of Kaibab limestone and peeled Ponderosa pine logs.</p><br>
<p>The original lodge was a shallow U-shaped structure featured the central south-facing Sun Room with large windows and open stone terraces to either side. The east terrace featured an outdoor stone fireplace. The dining room ran along the western terrace with a bank of windows overlooking the canyon and a dramatic log truss roof augmented by concealed steel reinforcement. The eastern wing was a two-story structure with a recreation room on the lower level and a female employee dormitory on the upper level. The roof of the Sun Room was a terrace that stepped up into the main lobby, which was itself capped with an observation tower. The wings held bathing facilities, gift shops and a soda fountain, with a basement containing service areas, and a large room below the Sun Room. The original lodge, with its shallow roof, expressed California design influences, with elements of Spanish Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The rebuilt lodge maintained the same general outline, but was simplified and strengthened against the severe winter snow loads of the North Rim. The Dining Room was reconstructed largely as it was before, but with a steeper roof pitch, and the Recreation room received similar treatment, without the original upper level, and on a smaller scale than the Dining Room. Compared with the original there was greater use of stone throughout the lodge. The Sun Room was rebuilt in the same relationship to the lobby as before. The reconstruction included wrought iron hardware and lighting fixtures that complement the rustic wood and stone structure. The overall effect of the reconstructed lodge was one of more strongly expressed rustic character.</p><br>
<h3>Cabins</h3><br>
<p>All guest accommodation at the Grand Canyon Lodge was and remains in small detached cabins, arranged in duplex or quadplex plans. Cabins fell into two categories: Regular and Deluxe. The regular cabins, sometimes called economy cabins, were built as true log cabins with gabled roofs, each of two rooms divided by a log wall with a door. Located to the northwest of the lodge, 91 of these were built. 46 were altered with a bathroom extension of simulated log construction with a toilet for each side, while most of the remainder had single shared bathrooms built inside. Each cabin has an unroofed stone porch at either end. The deluxe cabins, located to the northeast of the lodge, are frame structures sheathed with half-logs. 18 are duplexes (another two burned when the lodge burned and were never replaced) and five are quadplexes. Floor plans and porch arrangements vary. All deluxe cabins share prominent porches of heavy log construction, many of which are on the edge of the canyon and have their own views. Deluxe cabins included stone chimneys. The regular cabins are still in use, divided into cabins that retain the original layout, and renovated cabins that combine both rooms into one larger cabin.</p><br>
<p>The cabin complex is significant in its retention of both classes of cabins. At other parks the cabins have either been removed, or the economy cabins have vanished, or, as at Zion, the main lodge has been destroyed.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon Lodge was declared a National Historic Landmark on May 28, 1987. It had previously been placed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 2, 1982. The historic district includes a rustic drinking fountain and a trail shelter near the head of the North Kaibab Trail.</p><br>
<p>Painted Desert Inn is a lodge complex in Petrified Forest National Park, in Navajo County, eastern Arizona. It is located off of Interstate 40 and historic USA Route 66, overlooking the Painted Desert.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The inn&#39;s lodge building and adobe guest cabins−casitas were designed in the Pueblo Revival style, by National Park Service architect Lyle E. Bennett and others from the Park Service Branch of Plans and Design. Construction was carried out by Civilian Conservation Corps builders and artisans over 1937–1940. A portion of the main lodge building was remodeled from the 1920s inn on the site, known as the Stone Tree House due to much local petrified wood used in its architectural elements.</p><br>
<p>After post-war design revisions by architect Mary Jane Colter, it was operated by the Fred Harvey Company as a Harvey House from 1947 to 1963, when it closed. Demolition was proposed in the mid-1970s, but after public protests the building was reopened for limited use in 1976. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The main lodge building of the Painted Desert Inn was extensively rehabilitated and restored, reopening as a museum and bookstore in 2006. Overnight accommodations and food service are not currently available at the inn.</p><br>
<h2>Murals</h2><br>
<p>Hopi artist Fred Kabotie was engaged by Colter to paint the Inns murals in 1947–48. Colter knew Kabotie from a previous collaboration at the Fred Harvey Hopi House in Grand Canyon National Park. Kaboties work depicts aspects of Hopi life, including a journey through the Painted Desert to collect salt.</p><br>
